Scientific Program Overview (SPO): Remote sensing of Electrification, Lighting, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO)

这是一份科学规划概述（SPO），用于规划RELAMPAGO（带电，闪电和中尺度/微尺度过程的遥感与自适应地面观测）现场计划，该计划于2018年11月1日至12月15日在阿根廷中西部的Sierras de Cordoba（SDC）和门多萨附近的安第斯山脉山麓附近。这个地区可以说是世界上最强烈的对流系统之一，就大冰雹，高风暴顶部和极端闪电活动的频率而言，但关于这个地区几乎没有观察到的强烈对流，还有很多未知之处。RELAMPAGO利用该地区风暴的可重复性，旨在解决与风暴发展的启动前到启动，初始组织和增长/重建阶段有关的科学问题，这些问题知之甚少。通过将美国国家科学基金会的设施与以下方面结合起来，可以获得对这些地区特有的气象和地理环境中极端水文气候、高影响天气和大气动力学过程之间联系的新见解：（1）阿根廷的新业务双极化雷达，（2）阿根廷、巴西、智利、NOAA和NASA的重大贡献，（3）由美国能源部资助的一项名为云、气溶胶和复杂地形相互作用（CACTI）的补充性大型实地活动。为了实现这些目标，实地活动将从整个地区的次表层到对流层深度获得有针对性的多平台观测，以表征天气尺度，中尺度和对流尺度的热力学和运动学环境演变的对流事件与不同的形态，云和降水性质的演变，以及恶劣天气的特点。一个自适应的地面和飞机网络，包括移动的mesonet、闪电仪器、测深仪、固定和移动的多普勒/极化雷达（从W波段到S波段）、激光雷达、微波廓线仪和地面通量测量，将用于（1）表征对流前和对流环境，（2）表征云和降水、对流外流的运动学和微物理特性，学术价值：RELAMPAGO将提供一个具有大量地形的地区的大气和地面条件的独特观测，并探索一个没有全面观测到的对流制度。 RELAMPAGO将成为观测网络的一个关键部分，该网络将阐明陆地表面、复杂地形、对流发展和恶劣天气的产生之间的紧密联系，地形过程在启动和发展有组织的对流系统和改变对流边界层内和上方的流动方面的作用，以及环境水分、气溶胶和不稳定性对所产生的强度、组织、降水和深对流系统的高影响天气产生。 通过其独特的大气剖面配置和遥感能力，将提高对影响自然灾害预测的过程的理解。更广泛的影响：实验设计，侧重于控制这些系统的启动和增长与全球对流风暴人口的对比因素，特别是在美国大平原，将提高对全球强对流风暴的理解和预测能力。所进行的广泛观测和研究将有助于目前为安装新的天气雷达和区域闪电网络以及使南美洲的天气和气候预测基础设施现代化所作的努力，有助于开发供南美洲和全球预报员使用的极端天气事件概念模型，并有助于改进对天气和水文灾害的预测，将减少未来的生命和财产损失。在亚热带南美洲和美国的几所大学和学校进行教育和推广，广泛的国际学生和科学家合作和参与观测活动，以及通过社交媒体和网络研讨会在互联网上的广泛存在，将加强整个美洲的合作和认识，并培训美洲的下一代科学家和工程师。

This is a scientific planning overview (SPO) for planning the RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) field program from 1 Nov - 15 Dec 2018 in west central Argentina in the general vicinity of the Sierras de Cordoba (SDC) and the Andes foothills near Mendoza. This region arguably has among the most intense convective systems in the world with respect to the frequency of large hail, high storm tops, and extreme lightning activity, yet much remains unknown about the scarcely observed intense convection in this region. RELAMPAGO, leveraging the repeatability of storms in the region, aims to address science questions related to the pre-initiation to initiation, initial organization, and growth/backbuilding stages of storm development, which are poorly understood. New insights into connections between the extreme hydroclimate, high impact weather, and atmospheric dynamical processes in meteorological and geographical settings unique to the these regions can be obtained by bringing together NSF facilities with (1) new operational dual-polarization radars in Argentina, (2) significant contributions from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, NOAA, and NASA, and (3) a complementary funded U.S. Department of Energy major field campaign called Clouds, Aerosols, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI).To address these objectives, the field campaign will obtain targeted, multi-platform observations from the subsurface through the depth of the troposphere throughout the region to characterize the synoptic scale, mesoscale, and convective scale thermodynamic and kinematic environmental evolution during convective events with varying morphologies, evolutions of cloud and precipitation properties, and severe weather characteristics. An adaptive ground-based and aircraft-based network, including mobile mesonets, lightning instruments, soundings, fixed and mobile Doppler/polarization radars (from W- to S- Band), lidars, microwave profilers, and surface flux measurements, will be used to (1) characterize the pre-convective and convective environments, (2) characterize kinematic and microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation, convective outflows, atmospheric electrification, and hydrometeor size distributions and (3) observe hydrometeorological interactions with convective systems in a region of repeatable observations.Intellectual Merit:RELAMPAGO will provide unique observations of atmospheric and surface conditions in a region with substantial terrain and explore a regime of convection not observed comprehensively. RELAMPAGO will form a key part of an observation network that will elucidate the tight connections between the land surface, complex terrain, convective development, and the production of severe weather, role of terrain processes in initiating and developing organized convective systems and altering flows within and above the convective boundary layer, and roles of environmental moisture, aerosols, and instability on the resultant intensity, organization, precipitation, and high impact weather production of deep convective systems. Through its unique configuration of atmospheric profiling and remote sensing capabilities, understanding of processes that impact prediction of natural hazards will be improved.Broader Impacts:The experimental design, focusing on the contrasting factors controlling the initiation and growth of these systems with the global population of convective storms, particularly in the U.S. Great Plains, will improve understanding of, and the ability to predict, severe convective storms worldwide. The extensive set of observations and research conducted will aid current efforts to install new weather radars and regional lightning networks, and modernize the weather and climate prediction infrastructure in South America, in the development of conceptual models of extreme weather events for use by forecasters in South America and globally, and in combination with improved prediction of weather- and hydrological-related hazards, will lead to reductions in future loss of life and property. Education and outreach in several universities and schools in subtropical South America and the U.S., extensive international student and scientist cooperation and involvement in the observation campaign, and a large internet presence through social media and webinars will enhance collaboration and awareness across the Americas as well as train the next generation of scientists and engineers in the Americas.