Collaborative Research: Using RELAMPAGO Observations to Understand the Thermodynamic, Kinematic, and Dynamic Processes Leading to Heavy Precipitation

Relampago(使用自适应地面观测对带电、闪电和中/微尺度过程进行遥感)将在阿根廷中部安第斯山脉的背风处观测到对流风暴。这一地区的风暴在天气和气候模型中表现不佳，在阿根廷主要城市科尔多瓦和门多萨附近的安第斯山脉背风处产生了高度影响的天气。Relampago项目为期45天，从2018年11月1日至12月15日。雷兰帕戈通过卫星观测研究了可能是世界上最强烈的雷暴，研究了产生强烈对流和伴随着它们的恶劣天气的过程，包括强降水、严重的冰雹和大风以及龙卷风。通过使用新工具和技术在一个与美国大平原有一些相似之处和关键不同之处的地区详细观测风暴，Relampago旨在为改善包括美国在内的全球强对流风暴预测做出贡献。此外，Relampago的国际协调被整合，以直接改善拉丁美洲的高影响天气预报。该项目涉及伊利诺伊大学和科罗拉多州立大学的研究人员之间的合作，以研究在该地区产生强烈对流和降水的过程。该项目包括一个研究质量的固定和移动雷达、大气探测和风暴过程测量网络，与其他Relampago测量(包括来自能源部ARM移动设施-1)的测量相结合，以表征产生暴雨的风暴的环境和内部结构。这些测量、增值产品、分析和模拟活动的重点是了解风暴内部和外部的前兆和过程，以解决与阿根廷对流风暴在这一观测较少但脆弱的区域产生暴雨有关的假设。研究活动还包括开发预测模型，这些模型对于制定外地战役业务和预测规划至关重要。贡献包括Relampago教育和外联活动。阿根廷中西部安第斯山脉的李山地区产生了一些地球上最强烈和最有组织的对流系统。这些风暴通常始于安第斯山脉和科尔多瓦山脉的复杂地形附近，并与之相互作用，产生频繁的暴雨，众所周知，这会导致破坏性的山洪暴发。2018年11月1日至12月15日的Relampago(自适应地面观测的带电、闪电和中/微尺度过程遥感)实地活动旨在提供一系列综合的剖面图、地面和遥感数据集，这些数据集具有固定和移动的平台，能够在精细的时间和空间尺度上描述对流风暴及其附近的热力学、运动学和微物理测量的演变。在这个项目中，美国国家航空航天局S-波尔卡双频双偏振、双波长S和Ka波段雷达，一个车轮上的多普勒雷达网络，频繁的测深，地面热力学、运动学和微物理测量，以及来自美国国家航空航天局水汽微分吸收激光雷达平台的连续水汽廓线，结合其他的Relampago测量，被用来描述产生暴雨的环境和内部结构。这些测量、增值产品、分析和模拟活动侧重于了解对流风暴内部和外部的前兆和过程，以解决与阿根廷对流风暴在这一观察较少但却脆弱的区域产生暴雨有关的假设。在研究活动中发挥领导作用，配置预测模型，这对制定外地活动业务和预测规划至关重要，并在活动期间对Relampago教育和外联活动作出贡献。

RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) will observe convective storms in the lee of the Andes Mountains in central Argentina. Storms in this region are poorly represented by weather and climate models and produce high impact weather in the lee of the Andes mountains in Argentina near the major cities of Cordoba and Mendoza. RELAMPAGO will be a 45-day project from 1 November - 15 December 2018. RELAMPAGO examines what are perhaps the "world's most intense thunderstorms" per satellite observations, studying the processes that generate intense convection and severe weather that accompanies them, including heavy precipitation, severe hail and winds, and tornadoes. By observing storms with new tools and techniques in detail in a region that has some similarities and key differences with the US Great Plains, RELAMPAGO is designed to make contributions to improve prediction of severe convective storms globally, including in the US. In addition, RELAMPAGO's international coordination is integrated to directly improve high impact weather prediction in Latin America. This project involves a collaboration between researchers at the University of Illinois and Colorado State University to study the processes that generate intense convection and precipitation in this region. The project includes a network of research-quality fixed and mobile radars, atmospheric soundings, and storm process measurements in concert with other RELAMPAGO measurements (including from the DOE ARM Mobile Facility-1) to characterize the environment and internal structure of heavy-rain-producing storms. These measurements, value-added products, analyses, and modeling activities are focused on understanding the precursors and processes within and external to the storms to address hypotheses on relevant to heavy rainfall production in Argentinean convective storms in this poorly observed, yet vulnerable region. Research activities also include developing forecast models that are crucial for developing the field campaign operations and forecast planning. Contributions include RELAMPAGO education and outreach activities.The region of the lee of the Andes mountains in west-central Argentina generates some of the most intense and organized convective systems on earth. These storms, initiated commonly near, and interacting with the complex terrain of the Andes and Sierras de Córdoba, produce frequent heavy rainfall that is known to lead to damaging flash floods. The RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) field campaign, from 1 November to 15 December 2018, is designed to provide a comprehensive array of profiling, surface, and remote sensing datasets with fixed and mobile platforms capable of characterizing the evolution of thermodynamic, kinematic, and microphysical measurements in and near convective storms on fine time and space scales. In this project, the NCAR S-PolKa dual-frequency dual-polarization, dual-wavelength S- and Ka-band radar, a network of Doppler on Wheels X-Band radars, frequent soundings, surface thermodynamic, kinematic, and microphysical measurements, and continuous water vapor profiling from the NCAR Water Vapor DIfferential Absorption Lidar (WVDIAL) platform, in concert with other RELAMPAGO measurements are used to characterize the environment and internal structure of heavy-rain-producing storms. These measurements, value-added products, analyses, and modeling activities focus on understanding the precursors and processes within and external to the convective storms to address hypotheses on relevant to heavy rainfall production in Argentinean convective storms in this poorly observed, yet vulnerable region. Leadership in research activities and configure forecast models that are crucial for developing the field campaign operations and forecast planning, as well as contributions to the RELAMPAGO education and outreach activities during the campaign are undertaken.