The Effect of Mobility and Transport on Labor Market Outcomes

这项研究将在个人和公司一级对劳动力市场供需双方的男女工作交通工具的影响提供可信的估计。这项研究的结果将揭示世界许多地区女性员工因文化或宗教规范而面临流动限制的公司业绩障碍。随着各国经济一体化程度的提高和跨国公司利用日益开放的贸易，理解这些壁垒变得越来越重要。特别是，美国和巴基斯坦等国的其他外国投资者近年来在贸易和投资制度自由化方面采取了重要步骤，他们有很大的可能性；然而，要实现这些机会，需要健全的政策，以更好地发展人力资源，如女性接受教育和就业的机会。除非得到很好的理解并确定政策解决方案，否则文化驱动的障碍，如女性工人面临的障碍，可能会抑制投资者的兴趣和此类环境下的经济增长。这项研究测试了巴基斯坦拉合尔负担得起、安全的交通服务是否能够改善妇女在工作场所获得机会的机会。拟议的项目建立在现有的随机对照试验(RCT)的基础上，该试验测试仅限女性使用的交通工具对女性流动性和劳动力参与的总体影响。一些地区已开始实施针对妇女的公共交通干预措施，但这种举措对经济成果的影响尚未得到严格评估，部分原因是很难确定适当的对照群体或反事实。在这项研究中，研究人员将把该市的居民区和就业区随机分配到三组：T1组，将可以使用女性专用交通服务；T2，混合性别交通服务；以及控制组。这使得这项研究能够测试交通工具对女性获得工作的影响；男性获得工作的机会；并测试女性是否从女性专用服务中获得更多好处。该项目的NSF部分允许在基线和终点对这些地区的雇主进行调查，使研究人员能够测试随机分配的交通工具对雇主的影响。公司调查部分将通过揭示公司如何受到员工交通工具随机变化的影响，大大提高研究结果和该项目结果的公共政策适用性。这将使研究人员能够分析劳动力供应的任何变化是否代表了从事相同工作的女性治疗组和对照组之间的简单转变，或者公司是否真的能够因为治疗而雇佣和留住更多女性。

This research will provide a credible estimate of the impact of transport to work for men and women on both the supply and demand side of the labor market at the level of individuals and firms. Results from the study will shed light on barriers to firm performance in many parts of the world where female workers face mobility restrictions due to cultural or religious norms. Understanding such barriers is increasingly important as countries become more economically integrated and multinational firms take advantage of increasing openness in trade. In particular, there are significant possibilities for US and other foreign investors in countries such as Pakistan that have taken important steps to liberalize trade and investment regimes in recent years; however, realizing these opportunities will require sound policies to better develop human resources such as female access to education and jobs. Unless they are well understood and policy solutions identified, culturally-driven barriers such as those facing female workers have the potential to dampen investor interest and economic growth in such settings.This study tests whether affordable, safe transport services can improve women's access to opportunities in the workplace in Lahore, Pakistan. The proposed project builds on an existing Randomized Control Trial (RCT), which tests the overall impact of women's-only transport on women's mobility and labor force participation. Some areas have started to implement public transport interventions targeted at women, but the impact of such initiatives on economic outcomes has not yet been rigorously evaluated, in part due to the difficulty of identifying an appropriate comparison group or counterfactual. In this study, the researchers will randomly allocate residential and employment areas in the city into three groups: T1, which will have access to a women's-only transport service; T2, a mixed-gender transport service; and a control group. This allows the study to test the impact of transport on women's access to jobs; men's access to jobs; and to test whether women benefit more from a women's-only service. The NSF component of the project allows for surveys of employers in these areas at baseline and endline, allowing the researchers to test the impact of randomly allocated transport on employers. The firm survey component will substantially enhance the research outcomes and the public policy applicability of the findings from the project by shedding light on how firms are affected by random variation in transport for their employees. It will allow the researchers to analyze whether any change in labor supply represents a simple shift between treatment and control groups of women in the same jobs, or if firms are actually able to hire and retain more women as a result of the treatment.