The Effect of Mobility and Transport on Labor Market Outcomes

这项研究将提供一个可靠的估计的影响，男性和女性的交通工作的供应和需求方面的劳动力市场在个人和公司的水平。这项研究的结果将揭示在世界许多地区，女性工人因文化或宗教规范而面临流动限制的公司业绩障碍。随着各国经济一体化程度的提高和跨国公司利用贸易日益开放的机会，了解这些壁垒越来越重要。特别是，美国和其他外国投资者在巴基斯坦等近年来采取重要措施实现贸易和投资制度自由化的国家有很大的可能性;然而，实现这些机会需要健全的政策，以更好地开发人力资源，如女性获得教育和就业机会。除非他们被很好地理解和政策解决方案确定，文化驱动的障碍，如女性工人所面临的有可能抑制投资者的兴趣和经济增长，在这种settings.This研究测试是否负担得起的，安全的交通服务，可以改善妇女在工作场所的机会在拉合尔，巴基斯坦。拟议的项目建立在现有的随机对照试验（RCT）的基础上，该试验测试了女性专用交通对女性流动性和劳动力参与的总体影响。一些地区已开始实施针对妇女的公共交通干预措施，但尚未严格评估这些举措对经济成果的影响，部分原因是难以确定适当的比较群体或反事实。 在这项研究中，研究人员将城市中的住宅和就业区随机分为三组：T1，将获得仅限女性的交通服务; T2，混合性别的交通服务;和对照组。 这使得研究能够测试交通对妇女获得工作的影响;男性获得工作的影响;并测试妇女是否从仅限妇女的服务中受益更多。 该项目的NSF部分允许在基线和终点对这些地区的雇主进行调查，使研究人员能够测试随机分配的运输对雇主的影响。 公司调查部分将大大提高研究成果和公共政策的适用性，从项目的调查结果，揭示了公司如何受到随机变化的影响，其员工的交通。 它将使研究人员能够分析劳动力供应的任何变化是否代表相同工作中女性治疗组和对照组之间的简单转变，或者公司是否实际上能够雇用和留住更多的女性。

This research will provide a credible estimate of the impact of transport to work for men and women on both the supply and demand side of the labor market at the level of individuals and firms. Results from the study will shed light on barriers to firm performance in many parts of the world where female workers face mobility restrictions due to cultural or religious norms. Understanding such barriers is increasingly important as countries become more economically integrated and multinational firms take advantage of increasing openness in trade. In particular, there are significant possibilities for US and other foreign investors in countries such as Pakistan that have taken important steps to liberalize trade and investment regimes in recent years; however, realizing these opportunities will require sound policies to better develop human resources such as female access to education and jobs. Unless they are well understood and policy solutions identified, culturally-driven barriers such as those facing female workers have the potential to dampen investor interest and economic growth in such settings.This study tests whether affordable, safe transport services can improve women's access to opportunities in the workplace in Lahore, Pakistan. The proposed project builds on an existing Randomized Control Trial (RCT), which tests the overall impact of women's-only transport on women's mobility and labor force participation. Some areas have started to implement public transport interventions targeted at women, but the impact of such initiatives on economic outcomes has not yet been rigorously evaluated, in part due to the difficulty of identifying an appropriate comparison group or counterfactual. In this study, the researchers will randomly allocate residential and employment areas in the city into three groups: T1, which will have access to a women's-only transport service; T2, a mixed-gender transport service; and a control group. This allows the study to test the impact of transport on women's access to jobs; men's access to jobs; and to test whether women benefit more from a women's-only service. The NSF component of the project allows for surveys of employers in these areas at baseline and endline, allowing the researchers to test the impact of randomly allocated transport on employers. The firm survey component will substantially enhance the research outcomes and the public policy applicability of the findings from the project by shedding light on how firms are affected by random variation in transport for their employees. It will allow the researchers to analyze whether any change in labor supply represents a simple shift between treatment and control groups of women in the same jobs, or if firms are actually able to hire and retain more women as a result of the treatment.