Investigation into the Functioning of Early Cities

这个项目，由博士领导。威廉·伊斯贝尔（宾厄姆顿大学）和芭芭拉·沃尔夫（蒙哥马利学院/宾厄姆顿大学），将通过对华里（可以说是最早的安第斯帝国的史前城市首都）居民生活的考古调查，对古代和现代城市主义的本质进行比较基础的概括。pi与美国和秘鲁的同事一起，将在华里挖掘当地的民居遗迹，初步研究表明，这里的城市模式明显偏离了主流的城市模式。传统的城市中心模式，特别是古老的首都，强调存在大量社会经济和种族多样化的人口。城市多样性通常被理解为包括促进规模经济的职业专业化，使部分人口从农业生产中解放出来，因为它们随后得到市场和区域间贸易的支持，这些市场和区域间贸易提供了城市生活的最大优势之一。然而，与预期相反的是，华日没有明显的适合大型公众集会的公民中心，没有市场的证据，社会、经济和种族多样性的证据也微不足道。那么问题来了：华日是城市生活的一个反常的例子吗？居民如何体验城市生活；在一个人口众多的首都，他们是如何应对看似普遍的生活需求的？在三四个世纪的占领中，华日是离传统的城市模式更近了还是更远了？该项目将有助于了解城市生活的变化，同时培养学生考古学家，涉及后代社区，并为具有可持续发展潜力的景观的遗产管理做出贡献。这个项目将挖掘日常家庭生活的住宅遗迹。美国和秘鲁的学生将与在建筑挖掘/分析、陶瓷分析、石器分析、古民族植物学、动物考古学、残留物和微量元素分析以及数据库设计方面经验丰富的考古学家一起工作，因为他们收集了各种各样的信息，阐明了社会和经济多样性的模式，从饮食偏好到专业经济活动，再到家庭和社区的空间和社会组织。项目数据和结果将在线和印刷发布。华里极大地重塑了安第斯帝国主义和城市生活的轨迹。该项目将补充描述古代城市的比较数据集，同时大大扩展目前对城市生活中“变量”和“普遍”的认识。

This project, led by Drs. William Isbell (Binghamton University) and Barbara Wolff (Montgomery College/Binghamton University), will evaluate comparatively based generalizations about the nature of urbanism, archaic and modern, through archaeological investigation of residential life within Huari, the prehistoric urban capital of the arguably earliest Andean Empire. The PIs, along with U.S. and Peruvian colleagues, will excavate vernacular residential remains at Huari where preliminary research suggests an urban pattern that significantly deviates from prevailing models of cities. Traditional models of urban centers, and particularly archaic capital cities, emphasize the presence of large socioeconomically and ethnically diverse populations. Urban diversity is typically understood to include occupational specialization promoting economies of scale, enabled by freeing part of the population from agricultural production, since they are then supported by markets and interregional trade that provide one of the greatest advantages of city living. Contrary to expectations however Huari exhibits no apparent civic center suitable for large public gatherings, no evidence of markets, and negligible evidence for social, economic and ethnic diversity. Questions then arise: Is Huari an anomalous example of urban living? How did residents experience urban life; and how did they manage the seemingly universal demands of living in a populous capital city? Over 3 or 4 centuries of occupation, did Huari move closer to or further from traditional models of urbanism? This project will contribute to understanding variation in urban life while training student archaeologists, involving the descendent community, and contributing to heritage management across a landscape with great potential for sustainable development. This project will excavate residential remains of everyday domestic life. US and Peruvian students will work alongside archaeologists experienced in architectural excavation/analysis, ceramic analysis, lithic analysis, paleoethnobotany, zooarchaeology, residue and trace element analysis, and data base design as they gather diverse lines of information illuminating patterns of social and economic diversity, from dietary preferences to specialized economic activities, to the spatial and social organization of households and neighborhoods. Project data and results will be published online and in print. Huari significantly reshaped the trajectory of Andean imperialism and urban life. This project will supplement comparative data sets describing archaic cities while significantly expanding current knowledge of "the variable" as well as "the universal" in urban life.