CAREER: Detecting Patterned Profiles for Functional and Dysfunctional Teamwork

团队是组织实现效率的重要手段，利用多人的力量来实现远远超出个人单独完成的目标。团队发展干预(TDI)是指旨在支持团队能力发展的工具、培训和资源，并通过帮助团队协调和协作来最大限度地提高团队生产力和减少错误来提高团队效率。然而，实施TDIS的许多组织战略通常类似于鸟枪方法：如果我们向足够多的人提供足够的TDI，涵盖足够广泛的信息，每个人最终都应该能够参与更好的团队合作。在基本层面上，这一战略可以解决基本技能问题。然而，个人和团队可能只得到了对他们特定需求有用的一小部分。相反，组织需要更好的工具来定期评估团队的功能，以便确定TDIS团队真正需要及时改进其功能的内容和时间。这可以扩展极其有限的组织资源，并使团队能够更有效地处理他们的特定挑战，最大限度地利用资源造福社会。因此，我们的目标是提高TDIS设计和交付的有效性和效率，专注于能够更好地确定团队合作需求的研究。为了促进我们对TDIS的认识和实践，本研究通过对团队工作状态简档的调查，利用了以简档为中心的方法。这样的配置文件根据团队归于一组相关的功能/功能失调因素的位置，整体地识别团队的分组或类别。我们的目标是超越传统的以变量为中心的团队合作方法，通过经验证明配置文件更全面地代表不同团队合作因素随着时间的推移的交互作用，提供更有意义的指导，说明哪些TDI可能是改善或维持团队合作最需要的。将个人资料应用到团队合作环境中是一种创新，在研究和教育方面都具有巨大的潜力。将使用四项研究的混合方法系列来实现总体研究和教育目标。在这些研究中，我们将通过应用识别、解释和监控团队合作概况的新方法，系统地推动团队合作科学的发展，以便随后评估和开发教育资源和工具，以选择更合适的TDIs路径。这些研究将在实地环境中进行，从档案探索性分析技术，以确定关键的团队合作因素和概况，到系统地、定量地评估围绕概况对提高团队效力和TDIS的价值的主张。我们在两个对社会至关重要的学科--医疗保健和工程学--的背景下测试我们的想法，以辨别：1)简档方法在不同组织环境下团队合作的有效性；2)影响简档出现的多层次特征；3)使用简档作为团队有效性的预测指标的价值；以及4)使用简档来更好地匹配TDI以实现预期结果的有效性。进一步利用这两个背景领域，这项工作将使我们能够教育超过一个受众；调查结果将与准备进入各自领域的医疗保健员工、医学生/住院医生和工程专业学生的多个受众的持久教育和培训实践相结合，并应用于这些受众。

Teams are a prominent means for organizations to achieve efficiency, leveraging the power of many to achieve goals far beyond what an individual can accomplish alone. Team development interventions (TDIs) refer to tools, trainings, and resources intended to support teamwork competency development, and have enhanced team effectiveness by helping teams coordinate and collaborate to maximize team productivity and reduce errors. Yet, many organizational strategies for implementing TDIs often resemble a shotgun approach: if we provide enough TDIs to enough people, covering enough broad information, everyone should eventually be able to engage in better teamwork. At a basic level, this strategy can address fundamental skills. However, individuals and teams may be getting only a small piece of what is useful for their particular needs. Instead, organizations need better tools to periodically assess team functioning in order to identify what and when TDIs teams truly need to improve their functioning in a timely manner. This can extend critically limited organizational resources, and can empower teams to handle their specific challenges more efficiently, maximizing the use of resources for societal benefit. Thus, we aim to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the design and delivery of TDIs, focusing on research that will enable a better way to pinpoint teamwork needs. To advance our knowledge and practice of TDIs, this research leverages a profile-centric approach via the investigation of teamwork state profiles. Such profiles holistically identify groupings or categories of teams based upon where they fall on a set of relevant functional/dysfunctional factors. We aim to move beyond traditional variable-centric teamwork approaches through empirically demonstrating that profiles more holistically represent the interactions of different teamwork factors over time, providing more meaningful guidance as to which TDIs may be most needed to improve or maintain teamwork. The application of profiles to a teamwork context is innovative, with enormous potential for research and education alike. A mixed-method series of four studies will be used to achieve the overall research and educational goals. In these studies, we will systematically advance teamwork science by applying novel methods for identifying, interpreting, and monitoring teamwork profiles, in order to subsequently assess and develop educational resources and tools for a more appropriate path to selecting TDIs. These studies will be conducted in field settings, moving from archival exploratory analytic techniques to discern key teamwork factors and profiles, to the systematic, quantitative evaluation of propositions surrounding the value of profiles for enhancing team effectiveness and TDIs. We test our ideas in the context of two disciplines critical to society, healthcare and engineering, in order to discern: 1) the efficacy of a profile approach to teamwork in different organizational settings; 2) the multi-level characteristics influencing profile emergence; 3) the value of using profiles as a predictor of team effectiveness; and 4) the validity of using profiles to better match TDIs for desired outcomes. Leveraging these two contextual domains further, this work will enable us to educate beyond one audience; findings will be integrated with and applied to the enduring education and training practices of multiple audiences of healthcare employees, medical students/residents, and engineering students preparing to enter their respective fields.