Collaborative Research: Admixture mapping of a hybrid zone to test Tinbergen's emancipation hypothesis

了解基因如何导致不同物种的行为特征不同是进化生物学的一个主要目标。 该项目旨在测试60年前丁伯根提出的解放假说，以了解如何通过使用两种蜂鸟之间的杂交区来产生新的行为。这种新奇的行为是一种求偶表演，是由一个物种，艾伦的蜂鸟，而不是另一个，棕蜂鸟。在这种被称为“钟摆展示”的定型展示中，雄性在雌性上空来回飞行，同时用翅膀发出独特的声音。研究人员将记录来自这两个物种之间的杂交区域内的400只鸟的表现，然后通过对这400只鸟的基因组进行测序来寻找与行为的各个组成部分相关的基因。了解一种行为如何分裂成两种行为，将揭示行为如何进化的基本机制。 此外，这笔赠款将培训不同背景的学生，并通过资助购买“声学摄像机”，使加州聋人学校能够推广到滨江，让聋人儿童通过这种新发明的视觉化方式了解更多关于声音的知识。作为一种行为如何分裂为两种“副形”的遗传基础，以前单一的性格的替代形式，还没有证明任何行为，这里提出的分析旨在首次这样做。这项为期3年的研究有三个目标：（1）杂交区定位和渐变群分析：表型，基因型和选择（2）：复杂展示行为的序列分析，和（3）：行为和形态的混合物定位。这些目标将共同提供关于感兴趣的显示性状的选择的信息，并分别使用表型和基因型数据直接检验副晶型假说。目前的数据表明，在基因组的编码区内，物种之间没有固定的遗传差异，这暗示了副型行为可能是由两个物种之间的基因调控差异驱动的，而不是由于旁系同源基因的结果。 正如现代形态多样性的观点是通过研究其遗传基础而改变的一样，直接评估在杂交区域中变化的行为背后的基因将允许对复杂运动模式如何进化的第一个测试。该项目将通过为康奈尔大学麦考利图书馆、圣地亚哥自然历史博物馆和SDSU生物多样性博物馆增加声音、视频和标本来建立基础设施。

Understanding how genes cause the behavioral traits of different species to be different is a major goal of evolutionary biology. This project seeks to test the emancipation hypothesis proposed by Tinbergen 60 years ago to understand how a novel behavior arises by using a hybrid zone between two species of hummingbirds. The novel behavior is a courtship display that is performed by one species, Allen's Hummingbird, and not the other, Rufous Hummingbird. In this stereotyped display, called the 'pendulum display', the male flies back and forth over a female while producing distinctive sounds with his wings. The investigators will record displays from 400 birds from within a hybrid zone between these two species, and then search for genes associated with individual components of the behavior, by sequencing the genomes of these 400 birds. Understanding how one behavior splits into two will reveal a fundamental mechanism of how behavior evolves. Additionally, this grant will train of students of diverse backgrounds, and enable outreach to the California School for the Deaf, Riverside by funding purchase of an 'acoustic camera', allowing deaf children to learn more about sound through this newly invented way of visualizing it. As the genetic underpinnings of how one behavior splits into two 'paramorphs', alternate forms of a previously unitary character, have not been demonstrated for any behavior, the analyses presented here aim to do so for the first time. This 3-year study has three objectives: (1) Hybrid zone mapping and cline analysis: phenotype, genotype, and selection (2): Sequence analysis of complex display behavior, and (3): Admixture mapping of behavior and morphology. Together these objectives will provide information about selection on the display traits of interest, and test the paramorph hypothesis directly, using phenotypic and genotypic data respectively. Current data indicate no fixed genetic differences between the species within coding regions of the genome, hinting that the paramorphic behavior could be driven by differences in gene regulation between the two species, rather than as the result of a paralogous gene. Just as the modern view of morphological diversity was transformed by the study of its genetic basis, a direct assessment of the genes underlying a behavior that varies across a hybrid zone will allow one of the first tests of how a complex motor pattern has evolved. This project will build infrastructure through addition of sound, video, and specimens to the Macaulay Library at Cornell University, San Diego Natural History Museum and the SDSU Museum of Biodiversity.