Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: The Development Of Pastoral Based Subsistence Economies

博士论文改进奖：牧区自给经济的发展

• 批准号: 1659946
• 负责人: Bryan Hanks
• 金额: $ 1.66万
• 依托单位: University of Pittsburgh
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-02-01 至 2018-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1659946&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Award; Development

Anthropological studies from different regions of the world have emphasized that the adoption of pastoralism is important in the development of communities relying on multiple subsistence systems. Several archaeological studies have indicated that pastoralism, in conjunction with hunter-gatherer-fisher strategies, persisted for several millennia. Thus, a detailed investigation of the role that early pastoralist orientations played within traditional hunter-gatherer-fisher subsistence systems contributes importantly to anthropological studies on the origins of multi-resource pastoralism and the part this played in broader social, cultural and political complexity. Within this broader context, and under the supervision of Dr. Bryan Hanks of the University of Pittsburgh, doctoral candidate Chuenyan Ng will investigate multi-resource pastoralism strategies used by late prehistoric steppe communities at the Bronze Age settlement of Stepnoye (2100-1500 BC) located in the Southeastern Urals region of Russia. The long-standing subsistence model for these communities has been defined as a sedentary agro-pastoral strategy with dominant use of livestock. However, based on recent studies, the nature and variability of the subsistence economy, especially wild plant resource exploitation for both human and livestock, are not well understood. Within sedentary pastoral communities the relationship between increasing livestock productivity and decreasing risk associated with resource sustainability is a continuous process. It is achieved only through control of land for grazing, regulations of the composition and size of herds, and the establishment of seasonal herding strategies including foddering. Did multi-resource pastoralism and catchment resource sustainability influence the development of these communities? To address this question, this project will develop a new model for local human-environmental relationships to better understand multi-resource pastoralism as an important economic component of these communities. . A broader contribution of the research is reflected in the important and productive collaborative relationships that have been developed with Russian institutions, faculty and students.This project will undertake a systematic archaeobotanical and phytogeographical study of subsistence patterns among late prehistoric pastoralist communities. The multi-disciplinary approach draws productively from ethnographic, anthropological, and archaeological evidence, to examine relationships between ancient settlements, local site catchments, and the emergence of new forms of livestock herding that integrated with earlier traditions of hunting, gathering and fishing. A combination of detailed macro-botanical study, experimental archaeology, and computer simulation modeling through Geographic Information System software will produce a new model for understanding early traditions of multi-resource pastoralism. This research will contribute importantly to regional studies of the Sintashta culture and provide an important comparative case study for understanding key transitions among sedentary pastoralist societies with multi-resource subsistence economiesThis project will establish a detailed archaeobotanical database and computer simulation socio-ecnomic model that will provide a crucial foundation for future studies of late prehistoric subsistence patterns and pastoralist lifeways in the Eurasian steppes.

来自世界不同地区的人类学研究强调，采用畜牧业对于依赖多种生计系统的社区的发展非常重要。一些考古研究表明，畜牧业与狩猎-采集-捕鱼战略相结合，持续了几千年。因此，对早期游牧取向在传统的狩猎-采集-捕鱼生存系统中所起作用的详细调查，对人类学研究多资源畜牧业的起源及其在更广泛的社会、文化和政治复杂性中所起作用有重要贡献。 在这一更广泛的背景下，并在匹兹堡大学的布莱恩·汉克斯博士的监督下，博士候选人Chuenyan Ng将调查位于俄罗斯东南乌拉尔地区的青铜时代定居点斯泰普诺耶（公元前2100-1500年）的史前草原社区使用的多资源畜牧业战略。这些社区的长期生存模式被界定为定居的农牧战略，主要使用牲畜。然而，根据最近的研究，自给经济的性质和可变性，特别是为人类和牲畜开发野生植物资源，还没有得到很好的理解。在定居的畜牧社区内，提高牲畜生产力与减少与资源可持续性有关的风险之间的关系是一个持续的过程。要实现这一目标，只能通过控制放牧土地、管理畜群的组成和规模以及制定季节性放牧战略，包括放牧。多资源畜牧业和集水资源的可持续性是否影响了这些社区的发展？为了解决这个问题，该项目将为当地人与环境的关系开发一个新的模式，以更好地了解作为这些社区重要经济组成部分的多资源畜牧业。.该研究的一个更广泛的贡献反映在与俄罗斯机构、教师和学生建立的重要和富有成效的合作关系中，该项目将对史前晚期游牧社区的生存模式进行系统的考古植物学和植物地理学研究。多学科方法从人种学，人类学和考古学证据中卓有成效地汲取，以研究古代定居点，当地遗址集水区以及与早期狩猎，采集和捕鱼传统相结合的新形式牲畜放牧之间的关系。详细的宏观植物学研究，实验考古学和计算机模拟建模相结合，通过地理信息系统软件将产生一个新的模型，了解早期传统的多资源畜牧业。本研究将为Sintashta文化的区域研究做出重要贡献，并为了解具有多资源生存经济的定居游牧社会的关键转变提供重要的比较案例研究。经济模式，这将为未来研究史前晚期的生存模式和游牧生活方式提供重要基础。欧亚大草原