Metallurgical Production and Community Organization in the Southern Urals

乌拉尔南部的冶金生产和社区组织

• 批准号: 0726279
• 负责人: Bryan Hanks
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Pittsburgh
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-07-01 至 2011-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0726279&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Metallurgical; Production; Community; Organization; Southern

With National Science Foundation support, Principal Investigator Dr. Bryan Hanks and co-directors Ludmila Koryakova and Andrei Epimakhov (Russian Academy of Sciences - Ekaterinburg) will lead an international team of specialists and students for three field seasons of archaeological research in the Southern Ural Mountains of the Russian Federation. Utilizing multi-disciplinary methods including, site catchment analysis, remote sensing, stratigraphic excavation, zooarchaeology, paleobotany, geoarchaeology and archaeometallurgy, the team will investigate a Middle Bronze Age (2100 to 1500 BC) fortified settlement and surrounding micro-region of 200 sq. kilometers. This program of research provides a unique opportunity for collaboration between archaeologists and students from the University of Pittsburgh (USA), Southern Ural State University (Russia), the Russian Academy of Sciences (Urals Branch, Ekaterinburg), Moscow State University (Russia), University of Cambridge (UK), and the University of Sheffield (UK). The project's field research will collect crucial archaeological and environmental data needed to answer important questions surrounding the emergence of a complex socio-economic formation in the north central Eurasian steppe region during the first half of the second millennium BC. This development is connected with the Middle Bronze Age Sintashta archaeological culture (2035 to 1735 cal. BC), which is represented by twenty-two fortified settlements and cemeteries situated in an area of 400 by 150 kilometers. This late prehistoric development is widely considered by scholars to be one of the most enigmatic socio-economic patterns discovered in the Eurasian steppe region. The intellectual merits of the project are well represented by the collaborative, scientific investigation of the Sintashta culture and its connection to early metal production and trade in the broader Central Eurasian region. The investigation of this development draws on recent theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of prehistoric mining and metallurgy and their connection to specialized craft production and related forms of social organization at the pre-state level. Research focused on the production and consumption of metals by prehistoric societies has contributed importantly to comparative anthropological studies on craft specialization and the variety of economic orientations that are often linked to early complex societies and the emergence of new forms of socio-political authority. This project is focused on answering important questions surrounding such change and therefore will have a significant impact on current interpretations of Eurasian Bronze Age socio-political, economic and technological developments.The broader contribution of the project also can be measured with regard to its strong commitment to international student training at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Students will have the opportunity to participate in field research and learn the techniques and methods of landscape survey, remote sensing, stratigraphic excavation, and paleoenvironmental study. The results of this work will be disseminated through joint publications in both English and Russian. This will add substantially to current information in English for Central Eurasia and extend upon the growing corpus of data available in Russian for regional specialists. Such publications will provide a new and important comparative case study for interpreting the rise of complex societies in the Eurasian steppe and within the larger sphere of anthropological study of early metallurgy.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，首席研究员布莱恩·汉克斯博士以及联席主任Ludmila Koryakova和Andrei Epimakhov(俄罗斯科学院-叶卡捷琳堡)将率领一个由专家和学生组成的国际团队在俄罗斯联邦南乌拉尔山脉进行三个实地考古研究。利用多学科方法，包括遗址集水分析、遥感、地层挖掘、动物考古学、古植物学、地质考古学和考古金相学，该小组将调查一个中青铜时代(公元前2100至1500年)的设防聚落和周围200平方米的微型区域。公里。该研究项目为考古学家和来自匹兹堡大学(美国)、南乌拉尔州立大学(俄罗斯)、俄罗斯科学院(乌拉尔分院，叶卡捷琳堡)、莫斯科国立大学(俄罗斯)、剑桥大学(英国)和谢菲尔德大学(英国)的学生提供了一个独特的合作机会。该项目的实地研究将收集关键的考古和环境数据，以回答有关公元前二千年前半叶欧亚大草原地区中北部出现复杂的社会经济形态的重要问题。这一发展与青铜时代中期的辛塔什塔考古文化(2035年至1735年)有关。公元前)，由22个设防定居点和墓地组成，分布在400×150公里的区域内。这种史前晚期的发展被学者们广泛认为是欧亚草原地区发现的最神秘的社会经济模式之一。对辛塔什塔文化的合作、科学调查及其与更广泛的中欧亚地区早期金属生产和贸易的联系，很好地体现了该项目的学术价值。对这一发展的调查借鉴了史前采矿和冶金研究的最新理论和方法，以及它们与国家前一级的专门工艺生产和有关形式的社会组织的联系。侧重于史前社会金属生产和消费的研究对工艺专业化和各种经济取向的比较人类学研究作出了重要贡献，这些经济取向往往与早期复杂的社会和新形式的社会政治权威的出现有关。这个项目的重点是回答围绕这种变化的重要问题，因此将对当前对欧亚青铜时代社会政治、经济和技术发展的解释产生重大影响。该项目的更广泛贡献也可以从它对本科生和研究生阶段国际学生培训的坚定承诺来衡量。学生将有机会参与实地研究，学习景观调查、遥感、地层挖掘和古环境研究的技术和方法。这项工作的成果将通过英文和俄文的联合出版物传播。这将大大增加中欧亚大陆目前的英文信息，并扩大区域专家可以使用的俄语语料库。这些出版物将为解释欧亚草原和早期冶金人类学研究的更大范围内复杂社会的兴起提供一个新的和重要的比较案例研究。