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DISSERTATION RESEARCH: Negotiations Over Offspring Care: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses Using the Clown Anemonefish

论文研究：关于后代照顾的谈判：使用小丑小丑鱼对替代假设进行检验

基本信息

批准号：
1701657
负责人：
Peter Buston
金额：
$ 1.64万
依托单位：
Trustees of Boston University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-07-01 至 2019-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1701657&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
DISSERTATION RESEARCH Negotiations Over Offspring

项目摘要

Conflict is a pervasive feature of animal societies. Conflicts arise whenever the interests of interacting individuals are not wholly aligned, yet many social interactions require individuals to reach some compromise. Parental care is an interaction that is rife with conflict, because both parents benefit from shifting the burden of care to the other, yet requires cooperation, because both parents benefit from the total amount of care. The outcome of conflict between parents has been modeled using economic game theory models, which assume that individuals act in their best interest but that their optimal behavior depends on how others behave. This project will build on existing empirical and theoretical work to test alternative hypotheses for how parents negotiate care utilizing a tractable study system: the clown anemonefish a.k.a. Nemo. Studying how conflict among caring parents is resolved is critical to understanding why animals, including humans, form such alliances. Undergraduates involved in the project will receive training in aquarium maintenance, assist in ongoing research, and complete independent research projects. This project will also encourage participation of underrepresented groups in science through the researchers' participation in Science Club for Girls and through work with local school groups at the Mahonia Na Dari field station. The results will be broadly disseminated through presentations at international scientific meetings and development of "data nuggets" (http://datanuggets.org/) to ensure that results are available in a format that will enhance public understanding.The existence of biparental care poses a perplexing evolutionary question because parents must coordinate their behavior to raise offspring when there are costs to providing care and inherent conflicts of interest among parents. The objective of this project is to test plausible alternative hypotheses for the factors that govern how parents negotiate the amount of care to provide to their offspring, and create a more general framework for understanding conflict resolution. The researchers will test four alternative hypotheses for how parents negotiate the amount of care to provide to their offspring: H0) Parental effort is fixed; H1) Parental effort is negotiated based on partner effort alone; H2) Parental effort is negotiated with an information asymmetry; H3) Parental effort is negotiated with a power asymmetry; H4) Parental effort is negotiated with a simple form of reciprocity. Experiments will be conducted in a natural population of clown anemonefish (Amphiprion percula) in Papua New Guinea. By supplementing food resources, effort by each parent will be manipulated in a non-invasive and ecologically relevant manner. The anemonefish system allows tests of alternative hypotheses simultaneously, where previous studies have only tested them in isolation. Furthermore, the majority of negotiation studies have been conducted in birds, so utilizing A. percula will test the generality of theoretical predictions. In sum, the proposed research will use a tractable study species together with a rigorous alternative hypothesis testing approach to determine the factors that influence the outcome of negotiations. While incorporating teaching, training and learning, this research will create a more general framework for studying conflict resolution and revise our understanding of negotiations over offspring care.

冲突是动物社会的普遍特征。当相互作用的个体的利益不完全一致时，冲突就会出现，但许多社会互动需要个体达成某种妥协。父母照顾是一种充满冲突的互动，因为父母双方都受益于将照顾的负担转移给另一方，但需要合作，因为父母双方都受益于照顾的总量。父母之间的冲突的结果已经使用经济博弈论模型进行了建模，该模型假设个人的行为符合他们的最佳利益，但他们的最佳行为取决于其他人的行为。这个项目将建立在现有的经验和理论工作，以测试替代假设，父母如何谈判照顾利用一个易于处理的研究系统：小丑海葵鱼a.k.a.尼莫研究关爱父母的冲突是如何解决的，对于理解包括人类在内的动物为什么会形成这样的联盟至关重要。参与项目的本科生将接受水族馆维护培训，协助正在进行的研究，并完成独立的研究项目。该项目还将通过研究人员参加女孩科学俱乐部以及通过与Mahonia Na Dari实地站的当地学校团体合作，鼓励代表性不足的群体参与科学。研究结果将通过在国际科学会议上的演讲和“数据金块”的发展（http：//datanuggets.org/）广泛传播，以确保结果以一种能增强公众理解的格式提供。双亲照顾的存在提出了一个令人困惑的进化问题，因为当提供照顾有成本和父母之间固有的利益冲突时，父母必须协调他们的行为来抚养后代。这个项目的目的是测试合理的替代假设的因素，管理父母如何谈判的照顾量提供给他们的后代，并创建一个更一般的框架，了解冲突解决。研究人员将测试四个替代假设父母如何协商照顾的数量提供给他们的后代：H 0）父母的努力是固定的; H1）父母的努力是基于合作伙伴的努力单独协商; H2）父母的努力是与信息不对称协商; H3）父母的努力是与权力不对称协商; H4）父母的努力是与一种简单的互惠形式协商。实验将在巴布亚新几内亚的小丑海葵鱼（Amphiprion percula）的自然种群中进行。通过补充食物资源，父母双方的努力将以非侵入性和生态相关的方式进行控制。海葵鱼系统允许同时测试替代假设，而以前的研究只在孤立的情况下测试它们。此外，大多数谈判研究都是在鸟类中进行的，因此利用A。percula将检验理论预测的普遍性。总之，拟议的研究将使用一个易于处理的研究物种，以及严格的备择假设检验方法，以确定影响谈判结果的因素。同时结合教学，培训和学习，这项研究将创建一个更一般的框架，研究解决冲突，并修改我们的理解谈判的后代照顾。