Doctoral Dissertation Research: Managing Cultural Change: Women Navigating Purdah and Security at the Borders of Disease, Deviance, and Transportation

本项目分析了巴基斯坦卡拉奇的三组女性安全工作者如何从性别隔离或面纱过渡到公共领域的污名化工作，她们如何平衡工作和家庭的不协调要求，以及她们的活动如何塑造公共领域。该项目扩展了两个社会学领域的知识：(1)在伊斯兰化、新自由主义和证券化等不协调的全球力量混合形成的背景下，通过研究女性劳动如何使性别、民族和国家之间的等式复杂化，增强了女性主义国家理论。(2)通过研究文化如何在造成演员与其环境不匹配的情况下（即在滞后条件下）起作用，它有助于提供关于人们如何适应和应对不断变化的社会环境的广泛兴趣的一般社会学知识。由于这些女性安全工作者参与的项目部分由美国资助，因此该项目将为美国决策者提供有价值的新信息，使他们能够制定更有效的项目，以支持美国在全球促进健康、安全和性别平等的倡议。通过揭露被边缘化的经历，该项目还将有助于增进美国与穆斯林文化之间的相互了解，特别是在南亚。这三个病例包括女警察、女卫生工作者（LHWs）和航空公司乘务员，这三种职业都是巴基斯坦政府雇用的，负责在卫生、犯罪和交通领域巡逻。这些女工使国家能够在戴面纱的妇女公民中扩大其影响力和安全议程，但却因打破自己的性别隔离与男性一起工作而受到侮辱。在执行和对抗各种性别实践的过程中，他们必须处理好相互对立的国家和全球力量之间的纠缠。例如，在鼓励女性客户实行计划生育时，女性卫生工作者必须跨越全球伊斯兰教关于性别的论述以及全球卫生关于风险的论述，因为计划生育往往违背了男性的意愿。本文使用了三种方法来分析女性保安工作者如何管理这些相互矛盾的逻辑，并与自己的污名化作斗争：(1)原始数据包括对女性的120次深度访谈；(2)这些数据是通过对女性的观察来背景化的。他们的工作场所，他们的家，以及他们与他们所服务的人的互动。(3)二手数据包括对培训手册、官方网站和妇女活动新闻报道的文本分析，提供对妇女所处的更广泛的社会背景的见解。通过这些数据将解决两个研究问题：(1)在面纱、全球化、公民身份和安全的间隙从事耻辱工作的巴基斯坦妇女如何平衡当不和谐的逻辑相互竞争以约束妇女身体时随之而来的紧张关系？这些妇女的活动如何塑造公共领域？(2)在国家、帝国、宗教民族主义和性别之间的全球化冲突的缝隙中，国家、民族、家庭和家庭的概念是如何通过这些女性的活动变得复杂或重新加工的？

This project analyzes how three groups of women security workers in Karachi, Pakistan, navigate the transition from gendered seclusion or purdah, to stigmatized work in the public sphere, how they balance the discordant requirements of work and home, and how their activities shape the public sphere. The project expands knowledge in two sociological fields: (1) It enhances feminist state theory by examining how women's labors complicate the equation between gender, nation, and state, in a context shaped by a medley of dissonant global forces: Islamization, neoliberalism and securitization. (2) By addressing how culture works in circumstances that create a mismatch between actors and their settings (i.e. in conditions of hysteresis) it contributes to general sociological knowledge of broad interest about how people adapt to and cope with their changing social contexts. Since these women security workers are involved in projects partially funded by US sources, this project will provide valuable new information for US policy makers, enabling them to craft more effective programs to bolster US initiatives promoting health, security, and gender-equity, globally. By bringing marginalized experiences to light, the project will also help enhance mutual understanding between the United States and Muslim cultures, especially in South Asia. The three cases include policewomen, Lady Health Workers (LHWs), and airline attendants, all three occupations employed by the state to patrol the borders of health, crime, and transportation in Pakistan. These women workers enable the state to extend its reach and its security agenda amongst veiled women citizens, but are stigmatized for breaching their own gendered seclusion to work alongside men. Enforcing and contending with various gender practices, they must manage the tangle of opposing state and global forces. For instance, LHWs must straddle global Islamic discourses surrounding gender as well as global health discourses surrounding risk in motivating women clients to pursue family planning, which is often done in breach of men's wishes. Three kinds of methods are used to analyze how women security workers manage these conflicting logics and contend with their own stigmatization: (1) primary data comprises 120 in-depth interviews with the women, (2) this data is contextualized via observations of the women?s workplaces, their homes, and their interactions with those they serve. (3) Secondary data encompasses textual analysis of training manuals, official websites and news coverage of the women's activities, providing insights into the broader social context within which the women are located. Two research questions will be addressed through this data: (1) How do Pakistani women working stigmatized jobs at the interstices of purdah, globalization, citizenship, and security, balance the tensions that ensue when dissonant logics vie with each other to discipline women's bodies? How do these women's activities shape the public sphere? and (2) How are notions of state, nation, home and family complicated or reworked through these women's activities in the crevices of the globalized clash between state, empire, religious nationalism and gender?