Doctoral Dissertation Research: Managing Cultural Change: Women Navigating Purdah and Security at the Borders of Disease, Deviance, and Transportation

该项目分析了巴基斯坦卡拉奇的三组女性安全工作者如何从性别隔离或禁闭过渡到公共领域的污名化工作，她们如何平衡工作和家庭的不协调要求，以及她们的活动如何塑造公共领域。该项目扩展了两个社会学领域的知识：(1)它通过研究女性劳动如何在伊斯兰化、新自由主义和证券化这一不和谐的全球力量的混合体塑造的背景下，使性别、民族和国家之间的等式复杂化，从而加强了女权主义国家理论。(2)通过探讨文化如何在造成行为者与其背景之间不匹配的情况下发挥作用(即在滞后的情况下)，它有助于广泛关注人们如何适应和应对不断变化的社会背景的一般社会学知识。由于这些女性安全工作者参与了部分由美国来源资助的项目，该项目将为美国政策制定者提供有价值的新信息，使他们能够制定更有效的计划，以支持美国在全球促进健康、安全和性别平等的倡议。通过揭露被边缘化的经历，该项目还将有助于增进美国和穆斯林文化之间的相互理解，特别是在南亚。这三起案件包括女警察、女保健员(LHW)和航空公司乘务员，这三个职业都是国家雇用来在巴基斯坦的健康、犯罪和交通边界巡逻的。这些女性工作者使国家能够在戴着面纱的女性公民中扩大其影响范围和安全议程，但她们因打破自己的性别隔离与男性一起工作而受到污名。在执行和应对各种性别实践时，他们必须管理国家和全球对立力量的纠缠。例如，LHW必须跨越围绕性别的全球伊斯兰话语，以及围绕激励女性客户追求计划生育的风险的全球健康话语，而这往往违反了男性的意愿。本文使用三种方法来分析女性保安工作者如何处理这些相互冲突的逻辑，并与她们自己的污名作斗争：(1)原始数据包括对女性的120次深度访谈，(2)这些数据是通过观察女性--S的工作场所、她们的家庭以及她们与所服务的人的互动--而形成的。(3)次级数据包括对培训手册、官方网站和有关妇女活动的新闻报道进行文本分析，以深入了解妇女所处的更广泛的社会背景。通过这些数据将解决两个研究问题：(1)在伊斯兰教法、全球化、公民身份和安全的空隙中工作的巴基斯坦妇女如何平衡不和谐的逻辑相互竞争以约束女性身体时随之而来的紧张关系？这些妇女的活动如何塑造公共领域？以及(2)在国家、帝国、宗教民族主义和性别之间的全球化冲突的缝隙中，这些妇女的活动如何使国家、民族、家庭和家庭的概念复杂化或被重新塑造？

This project analyzes how three groups of women security workers in Karachi, Pakistan, navigate the transition from gendered seclusion or purdah, to stigmatized work in the public sphere, how they balance the discordant requirements of work and home, and how their activities shape the public sphere. The project expands knowledge in two sociological fields: (1) It enhances feminist state theory by examining how women's labors complicate the equation between gender, nation, and state, in a context shaped by a medley of dissonant global forces: Islamization, neoliberalism and securitization. (2) By addressing how culture works in circumstances that create a mismatch between actors and their settings (i.e. in conditions of hysteresis) it contributes to general sociological knowledge of broad interest about how people adapt to and cope with their changing social contexts. Since these women security workers are involved in projects partially funded by US sources, this project will provide valuable new information for US policy makers, enabling them to craft more effective programs to bolster US initiatives promoting health, security, and gender-equity, globally. By bringing marginalized experiences to light, the project will also help enhance mutual understanding between the United States and Muslim cultures, especially in South Asia. The three cases include policewomen, Lady Health Workers (LHWs), and airline attendants, all three occupations employed by the state to patrol the borders of health, crime, and transportation in Pakistan. These women workers enable the state to extend its reach and its security agenda amongst veiled women citizens, but are stigmatized for breaching their own gendered seclusion to work alongside men. Enforcing and contending with various gender practices, they must manage the tangle of opposing state and global forces. For instance, LHWs must straddle global Islamic discourses surrounding gender as well as global health discourses surrounding risk in motivating women clients to pursue family planning, which is often done in breach of men's wishes. Three kinds of methods are used to analyze how women security workers manage these conflicting logics and contend with their own stigmatization: (1) primary data comprises 120 in-depth interviews with the women, (2) this data is contextualized via observations of the women?s workplaces, their homes, and their interactions with those they serve. (3) Secondary data encompasses textual analysis of training manuals, official websites and news coverage of the women's activities, providing insights into the broader social context within which the women are located. Two research questions will be addressed through this data: (1) How do Pakistani women working stigmatized jobs at the interstices of purdah, globalization, citizenship, and security, balance the tensions that ensue when dissonant logics vie with each other to discipline women's bodies? How do these women's activities shape the public sphere? and (2) How are notions of state, nation, home and family complicated or reworked through these women's activities in the crevices of the globalized clash between state, empire, religious nationalism and gender?