Collaborative Research: Birnirk prehistory and the emergence of Inupiaq Culture in Northwestern Alaska, archaeological and anthropological perspectives.

合作研究：比尔尼克史前史和阿拉斯加西北部因努皮克文化的出现、考古学和人类学观点。

• 批准号: 1732344
• 负责人: Dennis O'Rourke
• 金额: $ 28.05万
• 依托单位: University of Kansas Center for Research Inc
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-07-01 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1732344&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Birnirk; prehistory; emergence

This project will explore the question of the origin of Inupiaq culture in northwestern Alaska at the end of the first millennium AD. The project will document the cultural histories, social interactions, population diversity and dispersal, and environmental changes from data collected at Cape Espenberg and in relation to the greater Bering Strait and Arctic regions. The research team will work together with community members in Shishmaref to conduct archaeological excavation, paleoecology and ancient DNA research to better understand who were the people that first settled the area around AD 1000, when and from where they came, and in what environmental conditions these events took place. At the same time they will work with cultural advisers and Shishmaref community members who have ancestral ties to the area to explore how material culture and landscape is interpreted to talk about the past and tell history. The project will promote progress of science and education by conducting basic research and developing new methods in the several research fields involved. By insuring and promoting proper conservation of artifacts the project, will increase awareness and capacity to preserve the growing catalog of perishable organic artifacts, increasingly exposed due to eroding coastal and thawing permafrost. By including indigenous perspectives on material culture, the research will promote an archaeology that is more receptive to multiple voices. The project will also foster national and international collaborations between four US research institutes, a French University (U. of Panthéon Sorbonne), a rural Alaska community and a regional non-profit corporation. Associated with the project a variety of initiatives represent opportunities in research, education and training for a number of underrepresented Alaska minorities, women, and undergraduate and graduate students. The aims of this multidisciplinary program of research is to explore human interaction, settlement history, climate and landscape dynamics in relation to the Birnirk archaeological complex at ca. AD 1000. After a period of hiatus, Birnirk site KTZ-304 at Cape Espenberg (Inuigniq) was occupied at a pivotal cultural and environmental moment in Northwest Alaska and the larger Bering Sea region, just before AD 1000 and prior to the emergence of Inupiaq culture around AD 1300. Cape Espenberg is a key location for this cultural history both because of the presence of Ipiutak, Birnik and Thule archaeological sites and as ancestral land of today's Kigiqtaamiut of Shishmaref. Interrelated and integrated analytical approaches involving cultural and physical anthropology, archaeology and paleoecology will (a) form the framework for continued excavation at site KTZ-304 (b) contribute to study architectural features, archaeofauna, ceramics, and artifacts in order to elucidate social networks, subsistence systems and technology, and to understand the impact of climate and resource availability on peoples activities, decisions and movements; (c) guide the collecting of paleoenvironmental data through targeted sampling of swales and ridges to date dune ridge stabilization, reconstruct terrestrial vegetation and map the location of the ocean relative to the site; (d) integrate ancient DNA (aDNA) studies to establish the broader genetic relationships of Inuit societies in the region and beyond; (e) explore how Kigiqtaamiut interpret material culture to understand the past, narrate history and generate knowledge (f) foster a dialog on the role of material culture today in the community of Shishmaref and in between the Kigiqtaamiut and the scientists to construct more reflexive interpretations of the past, and thus (g) advance understanding of the origin of Inupiaq culture through the development of a high-resolution chronology of settlement and landscape formation, cultural shift and climate variation.

本项目将探讨公元第一个千年末阿拉斯加西北部因纽特人文化的起源问题。该项目将根据在埃斯彭贝格角收集的数据以及与大白令海峡和北极地区有关的数据，记录文化历史、社会互动、人口多样性和扩散以及环境变化。 研究团队将与希什马雷夫的社区成员合作，进行考古发掘、古生态学和古代DNA研究，以更好地了解公元1000年左右最早定居该地区的人是谁，他们是何时从哪里来的，以及这些事件发生的环境条件。与此同时，他们将与文化顾问和与该地区有祖先联系的Shishmaref社区成员合作，探索如何解释物质文化和景观，以谈论过去和讲述历史。 该项目将通过开展基础研究和开发有关若干研究领域的新方法，促进科学和教育的进步。通过确保和促进文物的适当保护，该项目将提高人们的意识和能力，以保护不断增长的易腐有机文物目录，由于侵蚀海岸和融化的永久冻土，这些文物越来越多地暴露出来。通过纳入土著人对物质文化的观点，这项研究将促进一种更能接受多种声音的考古学。该项目还将促进四个美国研究机构、一所法国大学（美国）和一所法国大学之间的国家和国际合作。Panthéon Sorbonne），阿拉斯加农村社区和区域非营利公司。与该项目相关的各种举措为一些代表性不足的阿拉斯加少数民族、妇女以及本科生和研究生提供了研究、教育和培训的机会。这个多学科研究计划的目的是探索人类互动，定居历史，气候和景观动态与伯尼克考古复杂的CA。公元1000年经过一段时间的中断，位于埃斯彭贝格角（因努伊尼克）的Birnirk遗址KTZ-304在阿拉斯加西北部和白令海地区的关键文化和环境时刻被占领，就在公元1000年之前，大约在公元1300年左右因努皮亚克文化出现之前。埃斯彭贝格角是这一文化历史的关键地点，因为伊皮乌塔克、比尔尼克和图勒考古遗址的存在，以及今天希什马雷夫基吉克塔米尤特的祖先之地。涉及文化和自然人类学、考古学和古生态学的相互关联和综合的分析方法将（a）形成KTZ-304遗址继续挖掘的框架（B）有助于研究建筑特征、考古动物群、陶瓷和文物，以阐明社交网络、生存系统和技术，并了解气候和资源可用性对人们活动的影响，（c）通过对洼地和山脊进行有针对性的取样，指导古环境数据的收集工作，以确定沙丘山脊稳定的日期，重建陆地植被，绘制海洋相对于该地点的位置图;（d）整合古代DNA研究，以确定该区域内外因努伊特人社会之间更广泛的遗传关系;（f）在Shishmaref社区以及Kigiqtaamiut与科学家之间促进关于物质文化今天的作用的对话，以构建对过去的更反思性的解释，因此（g）通过编制高分辨率的定居点和景观形成、文化变迁和气候变化年表，促进对因努皮亚克文化起源的了解。