The Equatorial Line Observations Campaign: Physical Oceanography within the Maritime Continent

海洋大陆（MC）是全球天气气候系统中的一个关键区域，在亚季节到年代际时间尺度上强迫全球大气变率，并且是Madden-Julian振荡（MJO）的核心区域。尽管如此，在MC区域的大气，海洋和陆地表面的多尺度相互作用很少被观察到，了解不多，在模型中表现不好，导致大的系统误差，如降水量的扩展范围的预测。MJO通过MC向东传播是MJO生命周期中最不可预测的部分。MC岛屿通过促进陆-气-海相互作用，特别是在昼夜时间尺度上，对这种传播形成了天然屏障。该项目是为了支持海洋学中心的物理海洋学测量，作为跨学科赤道线观测（ELO）实地活动的一部分。ELO实地活动的主要目标是利用收集的现场、遥感和最先进的数值模型来描述CCKW和MJO在MC区域传播期间大气对流和上层海洋温度的日周期。更好地理解MC区域的海气相互作用将导致人口稠密区域（即，MC）。提高天气和气候预测的可靠性将有利于决策者、战略规划者、保险业和粮食安全行业，这些行业将这些预测用于决策。来自美国，英国和印度尼西亚的科学家之间的合作将有助于所有相关机构的研究多样性和能力建设，并为参与该项目的早期职业研究人员带来巨大利益。ELO观测网将由三个陆基和两个海基观测站组成，沿着赤道，从东印度洋到苏门答腊，跨越浅卡里马塔海峡到婆罗洲。这种实验设计允许在整个MC CCKW和MJO事件期间对大气和海洋的动力学和物理学特性进行相干观测。将部署气象和海洋学仪器，测量海洋上层分层、表面通量、降水和大气层分层，以确定CCKW和MJO存在时海气耦合变化的特征。在该项目的这一物理海洋学组成部分中，将在卡里马塔海峡的浅水沃茨内部署两个系泊的离散温度和盐度传感器链。目的是研究与对流有关的上层海洋暖层层结的演变及其变化。特别是，该团队对卡里马塔海峡的浅海如何在到达婆罗洲之前对传播的CCKW和MJO系统进行预处理感兴趣。他们将解决的重要性，昼夜上层海洋温度的暖层的演变（增强或衰减）的大气对流在夜间近海传播，反过来夜间降水对海洋屏障层的发展和随后的发展的暖层在接下来的日子。

The Maritime Continent (MC) is a critical region in the global weather and climate system forcing global atmospheric variability on sub-seasonal to decadal time scales, and is the core region for the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). Nonetheless the multi-scale interactions of the atmosphere, ocean and land surfaces in the MC region are sparsely observed, poorly understood and badly represented in models, leading to large systematic errors in extended range forecasts such as precipitation. Propagation by the MJO eastward through the MC is the least predictable part of the MJO lifecycle. The MC islands create a natural barrier to this propagation by fostering land-air-sea interaction, especially on diurnal time scales. This project is to support the physical oceanography measurements of the MC as part of the interdisciplinary Equatorial Line Observations (ELO) field campaign. The main objective of the ELO field campaign is to use the collected in situ, remotely sensed and state-of-the-art numerical models to characterize diurnal cycles of atmospheric convection and upper ocean temperature during CCKW and MJO propagation across the MC region. An improved understanding of the air-sea interactions in the MC region would result in the advancement of forecasting in a densely populated region (i.e., MC). Improved reliability of weather and climate forecasts will benefit the policymakers, strategic planners, insurance industry and food security industries that use these predictions for decision-making. Collaboration between scientists from the USA, UK and Indonesia will contribute to research diversity and capacity building among all the involved institutions with great benefit for the early career researchers involved in this project. The data and results from ELO will be widely disseminated at conferences, YMC workshops and in publications.The ELO observational network will consist of three land-based and two ocean-based stations along the equator spanning from the eastern Indian Ocean to Sumatra and across the shallow Karimata Strait to Borneo. This experimental design allows for coherent observations of dynamical and thermodynamical properties of the atmosphere and ocean during CCKW and MJO events across the MC. Meteorological and oceanographic instruments will be deployed to measure upper ocean stratification, surface fluxes, precipitation and atmospheric stratification to characterize the coupled air-sea variability in the presence of CCKWs and the MJO. In this physical oceanography component of the project, two moored chains of discrete temperature and salinity sensors will be deployed within the shallow waters of Karimata Strait. The purpose is to study the evolution of the upper ocean warm layer stratification associated with the diurnal convection and its variability. In particular, the team is interested in how the shallow seas in the Karimata Strait might precondition the propagating CCKW and MJO systems before reaching Borneo. They will address the importance of diurnal upper ocean temperature within the warm layer on the evolution (enhancement or decay) of atmospheric convection during its nighttime offshore propagation and in turn the impact of nocturnal precipitation on oceanic barrier layer development and subsequent development of a warm layer in the following days.