The Second Cargese School on Earthquakes - Participant Support

过去十年的进展使人们对地震过程有了更全面的了解。可用于研究地震的数据的质量和数量正在迅速增加，这些观测的可获得性和计算机的能力都有了显着的提高。最近的地震为研究界提供了极其丰富的数据集，用来探索地震行为。其中一些数据表明，这是一个漫长而复杂的地震孕育过程，可能涉及之前未被发现的缓慢断层滑动。第二个关于地震的Cargèse学派将为我们对地震的理解提供有重点但不同的视角。这些演讲将由世界各地致力于地震研究前沿的顶尖地震科学家进行演讲。讲座将与实践教程相结合，重点是学习新的分析方法和软件。该学校的目的是促进人们对当前问题有更广泛的了解，特别是让青年科学家(学生和博士后)参与进来，从而促进未来在防震和预报方面的集体势头。这项提议将为来自美国机构的科学家提供部分旅行支持。美国科学家的参与成本与主办该学院的成本之间存在很高的杠杆率，后者由欧洲的资金来源支付。第二个Cargèse地震学院将提供有关最新技术的指导，涵盖三个主要研究主题：(1)地震成核。正如实验室岩石力学实验所证实的那样，地震是加速过程的顶峰，这种加速过程可能表现为越来越大的无地震滑动，通常伴随着前震、震动或其他地震现象。最近对这些地震以及它们如何随震级变化的观察表明，地震规模可能受到成核过程的影响。(2)地震的触发和破裂。发现地震触发因素的新机会包括：(A)在主要是废水注入的人为强迫作用下对真正的地壳断层进行实验，并由此增加地震活动率；(B)开发新的方法，从四个维度成像确定哪种断层滑动模式可能占主导地位的物理条件和性质。几何/结构配置和过去的历史如何影响破裂传播也是有待解决的问题。与这些机会和其他机会相关的发现将被讨论。(3)超越地震--完成滑移谱。缓慢的无地震滑动作用是为了减轻施加在断层上的应力，并加速邻近被粘住的断层上的应力积累，这些断层最终会破裂并辐射地震波。创新的地震波形和统计分析已经成为更难观察到的无地震滑动的替代物，这是一个持续的挑战。这些措施包括通过直接检测无震变形来验证代理状态，以及评估地震和无震模式如何相互作用。

Advances in the last decade have led towards a more complete picture of earthquake processes. The quality and quantity of data available to study earthquakes is increasing rapidly and both the availability of those observations and the capacity of computers to them have improved dramatically. Recent earthquakes are providing the research community with exceptionally rich datasets with which to explore earthquake behavior. Some of these data indicate an extended and complex earthquake initiation process that may involve previously unrecognized slow fault slip. The second Cargèse School on Earthquakes will provide focused yet diverse perspectives on our understanding of earthquakes. These will be delivered as lectures by leading earthquake scientists from around the world who are working at the cutting-edge of earthquake research. Lectures will be combined with hands-on tutorials that focus on learning new analysis methods and software. The school is intended to stimulate the emergence of a broader understanding of the current issues, and is aimed particularly at engaging young scientists (students and post-docs), and will thus facilitate future collective momentum towards earthquake preparedness and forecasting. This proposal would provide partial travel support for scientists from US institutions. The costs of participation by US scientists are highly leveraged against the costs of hosting the school, which are covered through European funding sources. The second Cargèse School on Earthquakes will provide instruction on the state-of-the-art covering three main research topics: (1) Earthquake Nucleation. Earthquakes are the culmination of accelerating processes that may manifest as growing aseismic slip, as confirmed by laboratory rock mechanics experiments, often accompanied by foreshocks, tremor, or other seismic phenomena. Recent observations of these and how they scale with magnitude suggest earthquake size may be influenced by the nucleation process. (2) Earthquake Triggering and Rupture. New opportunities to discover what triggers earthquakes include: (A) experimentation on real crustal faults under anthropogenic forcing, principally wastewater injection, and its consequent increase in seismicity rates and (B) the development of new methods to image in four dimensions the physical conditions and properties that determine which fault slip mode is likely to dominate. There are also open questions to be addressed concerning how geometrical/structural configurations and past history influence rupture propagation. Discoveries relevant to these opportunities and others will be discussed. (3) Beyond Earthquakes - Completing the Slip Spectrum. Slow aseismic slip acts to relieve stress applied to faults and to accelerate stress accumulation on neighboring stuck fault patches that eventually break and radiate seismic waves. Innovative seismic waveform and statistical analyses have served as proxies for the more difficult to observe aseismic slip, which is an ongoing challenge. These include verification of the proxy status by detecting aseismic deformation directly and evaluation of how seismic and aseismic modes interact.