PIRE: Centennial Genetic and Species Transformations in the Epicenter of Marine Biodiversity

肯特卡彭特（PI），丹尼尔巴什斯（旧自治领大学），克里斯托弗伯德（得克萨斯州农工大学-科珀斯克里斯蒂），马林平斯基（罗格斯大学），贝丝波利多罗（亚利桑那州州立大学）当今人类面临的最大挑战之一是我们有能力了解人类对我们赖以生存的自然资源的影响。了解迄今为止的影响将使我们能够更好地保存和保护重要资源，供未来使用。选择一个成功的资源管理战略可确保当代和后代的资源可持续性。在过去世纪，人口呈指数增长，随之而来的是对地球资源，特别是海洋渔业资源的空前需求。幸运的是，史密森尼国家自然历史博物馆收藏了大量鱼类，为了解过去世纪人类对海洋鱼类的影响提供了一个独特的窗口。在1907-1909年，美国殖民菲律宾后不久，我国政府派遣了一支探险队到那里去评估他们的自然资源。这是在自然历史收藏品仅储存在酒精中的时候，酒精可以长时间保存DNA（与大多数保存在福尔马林中的博物馆收藏品相比，福尔马林可以改变DNA）。 我们收集了大量的资料，这将使我们能够研究在人口极端增长和对这些资源的开采期间人口动态的变化。我们将通过使用最初为人类医学开发的尖端先进基因组学方法比较历史和当代收藏来做到这一点。在严重开发的渔业领域，从未完成过如此规模的工作，它不仅将为我们提供对菲律宾资源管理有价值的见解，而且还将帮助我们了解世界其他地区的影响。将通过广泛的外联活动向有关机构和公众提供结果。该项目将把实地和实验室研究目标与菲律宾每年一学期的学术活动相结合。这些活动将在先进的基因组方法学和海洋生态学方面培训大量的美国和菲律宾本科生和研究生以及早期职业专业人员。它还将促进我们两国之间的长期合作关系和良好意愿。 一个机会，以显着增加在过去世纪的强烈的人类影响的海洋鱼类的基因组规模的进化知识是可能的，通过一个独特的和广泛的收集从菲律宾发生在1907年至1909年在船上的美国研究船信天翁，保持在史密森国家自然历史博物馆。在这项研究中的首要研究问题是：在过去的世纪，在菲律宾的海洋生物多样性的全球震中密集的渔业开发和栖息地退化发生了什么遗传和物种水平的变化？该项目利用菲律宾独特的广泛历史收藏和与菲律宾科学家的重要合作，以解决以下新的科学问题：1。菲律宾海洋物种的遗传多样性丧失到何种程度？2.过度捕捞和栖息地丧失是否减少了海洋种群之间的基因流动？3.在人类影响的世纪里，遗传多样性和物种多样性在多大程度上揭示了类似的变化？这将通过测量至少20种海洋鱼类进化潜力的百年尺度变化来实现，方法是使用先进的基因组方法比较来自同一地点的历史和当代种群的基因构成。基因组的影响将比较大规模的生物多样性的变化，使用1970年的菲律宾海洋鱼类的集合，将被复制，直接测量物种和社区规模的变化。总之，这些调查将使人们前所未有地深入了解人类活动对海洋生物多样性和进化的影响。

Kent Carpenter (PI), Daniel Barshis (Old Dominion University), Christopher Bird (Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi), Malin Pinsky (Rutgers University), Beth Polidoro (Arizona State University)One of the greatest challenges facing humanity today is our ability to understand the impacts humans have on the natural resources we rely on for our existence. Understanding the impacts to date will allow us to better conserve and protect vital resources for future use. Choosing a successful resource management strategy ensures sustainability of resources for present and future generations. Exponential human population growth over the past century has been accompanied by unprecedented demands on the earth's resources, particularly marine fisheries resources. Fortunately, there exists a large collection of fishes at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History that offers a unique window into the human impacts on marine fishes over the past century. In 1907-1909, not long after the U.S. colonized the Philippines, our government sent an expedition there to take stock of their natural resources. This was at a time when natural history collections were stored solely in alcohol which preserves DNA over long periods (compared to most museum collections preserved in formalin that alters DNA). Extensive collections were made that will allow us to examine the changes in the dynamics of populations over a period of extreme human population growth and exploitation of these resources. We will do this by comparing historical and contemporary collections using cutting-edge advanced genomics methods initially developed for human medicine. No work of this scale has ever been accomplished on heavily exploited fisheries and not only will it give us insights valuable for Philippine resource management, but it will also help us understand impacts in other parts of the world. Results will be made available to relevant institutions and the public through extensive outreach activities. This project will integrate field and laboratory research objectives with annual semester-long academic activities in the Philippines. These activities will train a significant number of American and Filipino undergraduate and graduate students and early career professionals in advanced genomic methodology and marine ecology. It will also foster long term collaborative ties and good will between our countries. An opportunity to dramatically increase the knowledge of genome-scale evolution in marine fishes over the past century of intense human impacts is possible through a unique and extensive collection from the Philippines that took place from 1907 to 1909 on board the US Research Vessel Albatross, maintained at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The overarching research question in this study is: what genetic and species-level changes have taken place over the past century of intense fisheries exploitation and habitat degradation in the Philippine global epicenter of marine biodiversity? This project takes advantage of the extensive historical collections unique to the Philippines and essential collaborations with Philippine scientists to address the following novel scientific questions: 1. To what extent has genetic diversity been lost from marine species in the Philippines? 2. Have overfishing and habitat loss reduced gene flow between marine populations? 3. To what extent do genetic diversity and species diversity reveal similar changes over a century of human impacts? This will be accomplished by measuring the centennial scale changes in the evolutionary potential of at least 20 species of marine fishes by comparing the genetic makeup of historical and contemporary populations from the same localities using advanced genomic methodologies. The genomic impacts will be compared to larger scale biodiversity changes using 1970's collections of Philippine marine fishes that will be replicated to directly measure species and community scale changes. Together, these investigations will give unprecedented insight into anthropogenic impacts on marine biodiversity and evolution.