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RR Standard Grant: Remote Sensing and the Rise of Conflict Archaeology

RR 标准拨款：遥感与冲突考古学的兴起

基本信息

批准号：
1754992
负责人：
Fiona Greenland
金额：
$ 24.6万
依托单位：
University of Virginia Main Campus
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Continuing Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2018-06-01 至 2022-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1754992&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
RR Standard Grant Remote Sensing

项目摘要

This project will investigate the robustness and reliability of data generated through the collaboration between archaeological science and counterterrorism studies. The research will focus on two teams of scientists that have developed new techniques to study archaeological site looting in Syria and Iraq?an endeavor given particular urgency because of evidence linking insurgent groups with illicit artifact trafficking. Data generated by satellites have been central to this work. Satellite remote sensing works by capturing thousands of digital images and processing them on a computer through a series of mathematical functions. Despite the heavy reliance on machines and algorithms, the process of hybridizing and interpreting data relies on a series of judgment calls and individual interpretations, all of which is shaped by participants? training, disciplinary traditions, and institutional settings. Intellectual merit: Studying the judgment calls and negotiations inherent to this work presents an important opportunity to understand how technicians and analysts grapple with problems of data reliability and replication. We know little about how internal pressures of interdisciplinary collaboration and external pressures for actionable information shape researchers? judgment calls on standards of evidence and methods. As a broader impact, the research will inform public conversations among citizens, policymakers, and ethicists concerned with how new forms of sensitive data are being used to make strategic decisions about armed conflict abroad. Three research questions structure the study, each of them concerned with the robustness and reliability of remote sensing data. Primary fieldwork will take place in two sites: one research team that reports directly to a federal agency and draws research support from that agency, and one research team that operates in a private university and does not rely on federal funding to do its research. At each site, the investigator will observe three sets of actors: Detectors (technicians, satellite engineers, machines); Analysts (archaeologists, NGO and think-tank personnel, and other interpreters of the satellite images); and Decision makers (agency officials and policymakers). Interviews and observations will focus on collaborative ties, gaps and overlaps in the image-generation process, and the production of policy recommendations. Comparing these two study sites will support analysis of site location impact on research outcomes. The project will contribute to our understanding of how big data decision-making informs counterterrorism efforts at the federal level. It has potential to transform the application of satellite remote sensing data to macrosocial issues by isolating the factors that lead to error or breakthrough in data processing and interpretation. Finally, the work will contribute to ongoing debates in the social sciences regarding the co-constitution of credible science and research endeavors that involve opaque, proprietary data collection and analysis. Findings about satellite remote sensing data management and processing, and its integration with archaeological data, will extend to supporting future collaborative work on counterterrorism studies, cultural resources management, and remote sensing hybridization in satellite teams and beyond.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

该项目将调查通过考古学和反恐研究之间的合作产生的数据的可靠性和可靠性。这项研究将集中在两个科学家小组，他们已经开发出新的技术来研究叙利亚和伊拉克的考古遗址抢劫？由于有证据表明叛乱团体与非法艺术品贩运有关，因此这项奋进特别紧迫。卫星产生的数据是这项工作的核心。卫星遥感的工作原理是捕捉成千上万的数字图像，并通过一系列数学函数在计算机上进行处理。尽管严重依赖机器和算法，但混合和解释数据的过程依赖于一系列的判断和个人解释，而所有这些都是由参与者塑造的？培训、学科传统和机构设置。智力优点：研究这项工作固有的判断和谈判提供了一个重要的机会，了解技术人员和分析师如何处理数据可靠性和复制问题。我们对跨学科合作的内部压力和可操作信息的外部压力如何塑造研究人员知之甚少。判断需要证据标准和方法。作为更广泛的影响，该研究将为公民，政策制定者和伦理学家之间的公共对话提供信息，这些对话涉及如何使用新形式的敏感数据来制定有关国外武装冲突的战略决策。三个研究问题构成了这项研究，每个问题都与遥感数据的稳健性和可靠性有关。主要的实地考察将在两个地点进行：一个研究小组直接向联邦机构报告，并从该机构获得研究支持，另一个研究小组在私立大学开展工作，不依赖联邦资助进行研究。在每个地点，调查人员将观察三组行为者：探测者（技术人员、卫星工程师、机器）;分析者（考古学家、非政府组织和智囊团人员以及卫星图像的其他解释者）;决策者（机构官员和政策制定者）。访谈和观察将侧重于图像生成过程中的合作关系、差距和重叠，以及政策建议的产生。比较这两个研究中心将支持研究中心位置对研究结果的影响分析。该项目将有助于我们了解大数据决策如何为联邦一级的反恐工作提供信息。它有可能通过隔离导致数据处理和解释中的错误或突破的因素，将卫星遥感数据的应用转化为宏观社会问题。最后，这项工作将有助于社会科学领域正在进行的关于可信科学和研究努力的共同构成的辩论，这些努力涉及不透明的专有数据收集和分析。关于卫星遥感数据管理和处理的发现，以及与考古数据的整合，将扩展到支持未来的反恐研究，文化资源管理，卫星团队和超越遥感杂交的合作工作。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。