Collaborative Research: From hot to cold in the dark - shifts in seafloor massive sulfide microbial communities as physical and geochemical conditions change after venting ceases

合作研究：在黑暗中从热到冷——排气停止后，随着物理和地球化学条件的变化，海底大量硫化物微生物群落发生变化

• 批准号: 1756339
• 负责人: Jason Sylvan
• 金额: $ 42.68万
• 依托单位: Texas A&M University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-09-01 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1756339&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; hot; cold; dark

Hydrothermal vents, which deposit seafloor massive sulfides (SMS), occur along the 89,000 km of mid-ocean ridges, submarine volcanoes, and backarc basins that occur at tectonic plate boundaries in the ocean. Active hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys are hotspots of biodiversity and productivity in the deep ocean, as well as potential resources for metals. While significant effort has focused on understanding the diversity of biological communities and geochemistry associated with actively venting SMS, relatively little is known about the biological communities associated with SMS once venting ceases. Furthermore, little is known about the microbiological and geochemical changes that occur during the transition period from active to inactive, during which an important succession occurs in the microbial community and geochemistry of fluids within the chimney. This interdisciplinary project will create and sample this transition period by collecting multiple active SMS samples from individual vents at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise and allowing them to transition to inactive on the seafloor, mimicking the end of venting while allowing for the exact time when venting ceased to be known, something not possible when sampling naturally formed inactive SMS. Microbial community diversity and metabolism will be analyzed in parallel with bulk and fine-scale geological measurements for active, transitioning, and inactive sulfides. This seafloor experimental and analytical approach will provide knowledge of how microbial communities, rates of biogeochemical transformations, and geological conditions change as SMS transition from hot and actively venting to cold and inactive. Students in grades 6-8 will be entrained into the project through research cruise "ship-to-shore" interactions and communications, post-cruise workshops for educators working with students typically underrepresented in STEM fields, and a collaboration with the Science, Engineering, Art and Design Gallery (SEAD), a community and economic development project in Bryan, TX. Hydrothermal vents are quantitatively important to the biology and chemistry of the deep ocean, but the vast majority of current knowledge focuses on actively venting deposits. However, after venting ceases, sulfides can persist on the seafloor for tens of thousands of years, making them long-lived, globally-abundant microbial substrates. In recent years, studies of inactive SMS found drastically different microbial communities than those on active deposits, indicating a succession of the microbial community, and thus a potentially different impact on deep ocean biodiversity and biogeochemistry than actively venting deposits. However, ages of the inactive structures are often not known, so it is impossible to estimate how quickly these changes occur, and how quickly co-occurring changes in sulfide mineralogy and microbiological communities occur. This project will provide the first insight into what happens at the microbial and mineralogical level as SMS initially transition from active to inactive. Active SMS will be sampled and analyzed for microbial community composition, functional capacity, gene expression and metabolic rates. Co-located subsamples will be analyzed for porosity and bulk and fine-scale mineralogy. Subsamples of those active SMS samples will be left on the seafloor to incubate and be collected weeks and a year or more later, with the same analyses conducted upon collection. This will allow for determination of microbiological and mineralogical changes that occur during that initial transition and for comparison with older inactive SMS from the same vent fields. Together, the data collected will be integrated to generate a conceptual model of succession of biology, mineralogy, porosity and pore distribution as vent deposits transition from active to inactive. This project will fill a knowledge gap about hydrothermal ecosystems and has the potential to transform the current understanding of diversity and rates of change in these important seafloor biomes.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

热液喷口存款海底块状硫化物，沿着89 000公里的洋中脊、海底火山和出现在海洋构造板块边界的弧后盆地。活跃的热液喷口硫化物烟囱是深海生物多样性和生产力的热点，也是潜在的金属资源。虽然大量工作集中在了解与活跃喷发SMS相关的生物群落和地球化学的多样性上，但一旦喷发停止，对与SMS相关的生物群落的了解相对较少。此外，很少有人知道的微生物和地球化学的变化，发生在从活跃到不活跃的过渡期，在此期间，发生在烟囱内的微生物群落和流体的地球化学的重要演替。这个跨学科项目将创建和采样这个过渡期，方法是从东太平洋隆起9度的各个喷口收集多个活跃的SMS样本，并允许它们在海底过渡到非活跃状态，模拟喷口的结束，同时考虑到喷口停止的确切时间，当采样自然形成的非活跃SMS时，这是不可能的。微生物群落多样性和代谢将与活性，过渡和非活性硫化物的大规模和精细地质测量并行分析。这种海底实验和分析方法将提供关于微生物群落、生物地球化学转化率和地质条件如何随着SMS从热的和活跃的排气过渡到冷的和不活跃的变化的知识。在6-8年级的学生将通过研究巡航“船到海岸”的互动和通信，巡航后研讨会的教育工作者与学生通常在干领域代表性不足，并与科学，工程，艺术和设计画廊（SEAD），在布赖恩，得克萨斯州的社区和经济发展项目的合作被带入该项目。热液喷口在数量上对深海的生物和化学很重要，但目前的绝大多数知识都集中在活跃的喷口沉积物上。然而，在喷发停止后，硫化物可以在海底存在数万年，使它们成为寿命长，全球丰富的微生物基质。近年来，对不活跃海底火山岩的研究发现，微生物群落与活跃矿床上的微生物群落大不相同，这表明微生物群落是一种演替，因此对深海生物多样性和海洋地球化学的影响可能与活跃喷发矿床不同。然而，不活跃结构的年龄往往是未知的，因此不可能估计这些变化发生的速度，以及硫化物矿物学和微生物群落共同发生变化的速度。该项目将首次深入了解SMS最初从活性过渡到非活性时在微生物和矿物学水平上发生的情况。将对活性SMS进行采样并分析微生物群落组成、功能能力、基因表达和代谢率。将对位于同一地点的子样品进行孔隙度、大块和细粒度矿物学分析。这些活跃的SMS样本的子样本将留在海底进行培养，并在数周和一年或更长时间后收集，并在收集时进行相同的分析。这将有助于确定在最初过渡期间发生的微生物和矿物学变化，并与同一喷口区较早的非活动SMS进行比较。收集到的数据将综合起来，生成一个概念模型，说明喷口沉积物从活跃状态过渡到不活跃状态时生物学、矿物学、孔隙度和孔隙分布的演替。该项目将填补有关热液生态系统的知识空白，并有可能改变目前对这些重要海底生物群落的多样性和变化率的理解。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Research is needed to inform environmental management of hydrothermally inactive and extinct polymetallic sulfide (PMS) deposits

• DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104183
• 发表时间: 2020-08
• 期刊: Marine Policy
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: C. V. Van Dover;A. Colaco;P. Collins;P. Croot;A. Metaxas;B. Murton;A. Swaddling;R. E. Boschen-Rose;J. Carlsson;L. Cuyvers;T. Fukushima;A. Gartman;R. Kennedy;C. Kriete;N. Mestre;T. Molodtsova;A. Myhrvold;E. Pelleter;S. Popoola;P. Qian;J. Sarrazin;R. Sharma;Y. J. Suh;J. Sylvan;C. Tao;M. Tomczak;J. Vermilye

A multi-modal approach to measuring particulate iron speciation in buoyant hydrothermal plumes

测量浮力热液羽流中颗粒铁形态的多模式方法

• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120018
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Chemical Geology
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Stewart, Brandy D.;Sorensen, Jeffry V.;Wendt, Kathleen;Sylvan, Jason B.;German, Christopher R.;Anantharaman, Karthik;Dick, Gregory J.;Breier, John A.;Toner, Brandy M.
• 通讯作者: Toner, Brandy M.