Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen orthodoxer Religion und der Politik im zeitgenössischen Russland

自20世纪80年代以来，社会主义制度的合法性逐渐减弱，这导致了国家权力的丧失，并在1991年苏联解体时达到了顶峰。许多俄罗斯人和外部专家认为，在鲍里斯·叶利钦（Boris Yeltsin）总统领导下的苏联和俄罗斯的最后几年是软弱的。这种情况在弗拉基米尔•普京（Vladimir Putin）总统1999年上台后发生了变化。从那时起，伴随着新的权力机构的建立，联邦政府和总统行政机构的权力变得明显。然而，在2011年底的选举之后，这种情况迅速发生了变化，当时大规模的抗议活动变得明显，并提出了针对总统政党“统一俄罗斯党”的欺诈和欺骗指控。在这个项目中，我研究了当代俄罗斯松散的权力结构（Machtstrukturen）和权威结构（Herrschaft）之间的转变过程。在这种背景下，特别令人感兴趣的是正统宗教与政治之间的相互关系。因此，我对宗教和政治领域在何处以及如何以多种方式相互影响、加强、矛盾或互补很感兴趣。在研究过程中，不会单独分析地方层面，而是将其纳入区域、国家和全球背景。研究的最初问题是：当社会主义制度在20世纪80年代失去合法性时，东正教的作用是什么？在赋予普京权力的过程中，正统宗教施加了哪些影响？是否有可能区分政治和宗教之间相互关系的不同时期？可以找到哪些条件来解释权力的转换？在不同的群体中存在什么样的解释，他们如何证明自己的主张？宗教人士中是否有反对国家的声音？哪些群体可以被命名，什么样的例子可以给出？为了回答这些问题，计划进行人类学田野调查，以收集经验数据。这一方面包括参与性观察，另一方面包括半结构化的访谈和谈话。这种方法使我能够展示权力转换的过程特征，并从对话者的记忆中纳入微观历史视角。

Since the 1980s a diminishing legitimacy of socialist institutions became obvious which led to a loss of power of the state and reached its climax with the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. Many Russians and external experts characterized the last years of the Soviet Union and the Russian state under the presidency of Boris Yeltsin as weak. This changed when President Vladimir Putin came to power in 1999. From then on an empowerment of the federal state and the presidential administration became visible that was accompanied by the establishment of new institutions of power. However, this changed rapidly in the aftermath of the elections in late 2011 when massive protest became visible and accusations of fraud and deceit against the presidential party “United Russia” were raised.In this project I examine the processes of transformation between loose structures of power (Machtstrukturen) and authority (Herrschaft) in contemporary Russia. Of special interest in this context is the interrelation between orthodox religion and politics. Thus I was interested where and how the spheres of religion and politics influence, reinforce, contradict or complement each other in multiple ways. During the research, the local level will not be analyzed separately but put into the regional, national and global context. Initial questions for the research are: What is the role of Orthodoxy when socialist institutions lost their legitimacy in the 1980s? Which influence was exerted by orthodox religion during the process of empowerment of Vladimir Putin? Is it possible to distinguish between different periods of interrelation between politics and religion? Which conditions could be found in order to explain transformations of power? What kinds of interpretations do exist among various groups and how do they justify their claims? Is there any opposition against the state among religious people visible? Which groups could be named and what kind of exemplars could be given? In order to answer these questions an anthropological fieldwork is planned in order to collect empirical data. This includes, on the one hand, participant observation and, on the other, semi-structured interviews and talks. This methodology allows me show the processual character of the transformation of power and to incorporate a micro-historical perspective from the remembrance of my interlocutors.