RAPID: Collection of Perishable Data on Wind- and Surge-Induced Residential Building Damage in Texas during 2017 Hurricane Harvey

在美国，风暴潮等风暴潮等相关灾害通常会对建筑物造成最大的破坏。为了减轻这种破坏，重要的是要了解风速及其特性与由此造成的建筑物破坏之间的关系。2017年8月25日，飓风哈维袭击德克萨斯州海岸，为4级飓风，风速高、风暴潮显著，这是罕见的组合。初步调查显示，受飓风哈维影响的德克萨斯州沿海社区的住宅建筑性能差异很大，即使是应该经历类似风速和风暴潮水平的类似建筑类型也是如此。这种可变性表明，在飓风危害和建筑物损坏之间的关系的基本知识方面存在差距。这项快速反应研究拨款(RAPID)将支持在飓风哈维期间收集住宅建筑性能的现场数据，以通过直接观察正式评估飓风危险与建筑破坏的关系来填补这些空白。更好地了解灾害与破坏的关系以及影响这种关系的因素可以用来推进抗飓风建筑设计方法和社会对风暴的适应能力。在现场工作期间获得的所有数据将通过美国国家科学基金会支持的自然灾害工程研究基础设施数据仓库与工程研究社区共享，网址为https://www.designsafe-ci.org.收集的建筑性能数据，与风速观测或估计相匹配，将提供一个工程案例研究库，供课堂使用，以教育下一代工程师和建筑师飓风对建筑的影响。当前的建筑设计和破坏预测方法假设风暴破坏主要是标准化风速等级、当地地形和建筑特征的函数，隐含地忽略了相同给定风速下极端风事件类型之间的任何潜在差异，以及潜在共存危险(如风暴潮)的任何影响。这一快速项目的目标是1)收集飓风哈维期间住宅建筑性能的具有代表性的、空间参考的数据库，2)根据收集的现场数据开发飓风脆弱性函数，以及3)建立一个框架，用于评估增强的危险条件，如风暴潮或飓风眼壁内的中涡，以及大风和其他极端风事件，如龙卷风，对风-损害关系的影响。来自奥本大学、伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校和马里兰大学的研究人员和研究生团队将从受影响的德克萨斯州海岸线沿线有大量建筑库存的主要地区收集住宅建筑损坏数据。将使用指导下的大范围整群抽样方法，对带有地理标记照片和实地笔记的单户住宅结构进行详细的地面调查。收集的数据将包括所有主要建筑部件的损毁比率、建筑材料和层数等建筑物特征，以及可用于估计风速或风暴潮高度的任何证据。根据经验数据建立的易损性函数将用于比较风与破坏之间的关系，显示在仅有风、风暴潮和龙卷风事件期间预期建筑性能的差异。

Windstorms and associated hazards, such as storm surge, routinely cause the most building damage of any natural hazard in the United States. To mitigate this damage, it is important to understand the relationship between wind speed and its characteristics and the resulting building damage. On 25 August 2017, Hurricane Harvey struck the coast of Texas as a Category 4 hurricane with a rare combination of high wind speeds and significant storm surge. Preliminary reconnaissance showed that residential building performance in coastal communities in Texas exposed to the brunt of Hurricane Harvey's impacts was highly variable, even for similar building types that should have experienced similar wind speeds and storm surge levels. This variability demonstrates gaps in the fundamental knowledge of the relationship between hurricane hazards and building damage. This Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID) will support field data collection on residential building performance during Hurricane Harvey in order to fill these gaps by formally evaluating the hurricane hazard-to-building damage relationship through direct observation. A better understanding of the hazard-to-damage relationship and the factors that influence it can be used to advance hurricane-resistant building design methodologies and society's resilience to windstorms. All data acquired during the field work will be shared with the engineering research community through the NSF-supported Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) Data Depot available at https://www.designsafe-ci.org. The collected building performance data, matched with wind speed observations or estimates, will provide a library of engineering case studies for use in the classroom to educate the next generation of engineers and architects on the impacts of hurricanes on buildings.Current building design and damage prediction methods assume that windstorm damage is primarily a function of standardized wind speed magnitude, local terrain, and building characteristics, implicitly ignoring any potential differences between extreme wind event types for the same given wind speed, and any effects from potentially coexisting hazards such as storm surge. The goals of this RAPID project are to 1) collect a representative, spatially-referenced database of residential building performance during Hurricane Harvey, 2) develop hurricane fragility functions for wind based on the field data collected, and 3) establish a framework for evaluating the effects of enhanced hazard conditions, such as storm surge or mesovortices within the hurricane eyewall, in addition to high winds, and other extreme wind events such as tornadoes, on the wind-to-damage relationship. Residential building damage data will be collected, from major areas with significant building stock along the impacted Texas coastline, by a team of researchers and graduate students from Auburn University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and University of Maryland. A guided cluster sampling approach over a large spatial area will be used to conduct detailed, ground-based surveys of single-family residential structures with geo-tagged photographs and field notes. The collected data will include the damage ratios for all major building components, characteristics of the building such as construction material and number of stories, and any evidence that could be used to estimate wind speed or storm surge height. The fragility functions developed from the empirical data will be used to facilitate the comparisons between wind-to-damage relationships, demonstrating differences in expected building performance during wind-only, wind and storm surge, and tornado events.