Enabling Precision Neutrino Physics with DUNE: Development of Design and Production Plan for DUNE TPC Wire Planes

20世纪最重要的智力成就之一是粒子物理学标准模型（SM）的发展。这个模型成功地将当时已知的所有基本粒子划分为具有相似量子特性的等级。迄今为止，该模型的有效性已被欧洲核子研究中心大型强子对撞机发现的希格斯玻色子所证实。然而，目前存在的标准模型留下了许多关于宇宙的问题，包括为什么希格斯质量具有它所具有的价值以及为什么宇宙中没有反物质等基本问题。寻找这些和其他关于宇宙的开放性问题的答案的主要领域之一，它是如何形成的，为什么它是这样的，就是把重点放在中微子的特性研究上，并利用我们所知道的和可以学到的中微子作为超越标准模型（BSM）的科学探测器。标准模型预测有三种不同的中微子，它们都是无质量的，可以通过它们与物质相互作用时所经历的不同相互作用来区分。但是最近的测量完全改变了我们对中微子的认识。我们现在知道中微子确实有质量，正因为如此，它们实际上可以从一种类型转变为另一种类型。对这些变化以及其他变化的详细测量构成了探索超越标准模型的新物理的最有希望的方法之一。深地下中微子实验（DUNE）将对中微子和反中微子振荡进行全面测量，以研究中微子CP违逆，确定中微子质量特征态的顺序，并对中微子标准模型进行精度测试。DUNE将利用费米实验室的加速器中微子束和对地外中微子（包括超新星爆炸产生的中微子）的敏感。DUNE的大型探测器，一个40吨级的液态氩时间投影室（LAr-TPC）系统，将使中微子物理和天体物理的这些精确测量成为可能，并扩展寻找核子衰变的灵敏度。lartpc系统将分为4个10千吨级模块。其中两个大型模块的核心是称为阳极平面组件（APA）的线室平面，它记录粒子在氩气中传播的特征，并提供中微子相互作用的高分辨率图像。领导这个计划项目的小组部分资金来自NSF的早期投资，他们领导了用于LAr-TPC实验的线室平面的开发，为DUNE奠定了基础。这些小组现在将制定建设战略、方法和计划，以建设DUNE的前两个10万吨模块所需的一半APAs。预计将在拥有APA生产线所需的技术设施和基础设施的大学场地建立2-3个APA“工厂”。这些多个区域工厂将允许许多合作的大学团体直接参与。最终，开发并运行APA建设项目将为博士后研究人员、研究生和本科生提供良好的培训机会。预计该项目将在每个建筑工地吸引不同群体的本科生。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

One of the major intellectual achievements of the 20th century was the development of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. This model succeeded in classifying all of the elementary particles known at the time into a hierarchy of groups having similar quantum properties. The validity of this model to date was confirmed by the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. However, the Standard Model as it currently exists leaves open many questions about the universe, including such fundamental questions as to why the Higgs mass has the value it has and why there is no antimatter in the universe. One of the primary areas to search for answers to these and other open questions about the universe, how it came to be, and why it is the way it is, is to focus on a study of the properties of neutrinos and to use what we know and can learn about neutrinos as probes of science Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). The Standard Model predicted that there were three different kinds of neutrinos, all massless, that were distinguishable through the different interactions that they undergo whenever they interact with matter. But recent measurements have totally changed our picture of neutrinos. We now know that neutrinos do have a mass and because they do, they can actually change from one type to another. Detailed measurements of these changes as well as others form one of the most promising ways to probe for new physics beyond the Standard Model. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will make comprehensive measurements of neutrino and anti-neutrino oscillations to investigate neutrino CP violation, determine the ordering of the neutrino mass eigenstates, and perform precision tests of the neutrino Standard Model. DUNE will take advantage of both an accelerator-based neutrino beam from Fermilab and be sensitive to extra-terrestrial neutrinos, including those from supernova explosions. DUNE's massive detector, a 40-kton Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr-TPC) System, will both enable these precision measurements in neutrino physics and astrophysics as well as extend the sensitivity in the search for nucleon decay. The LAr-TPC System will be divided into four 10-kton modules. At the heart of two of these large modules are wire chamber planes called Anode Plane Assemblies (APA) which record the signatures of particles propagating in the argon and provide high resolution images of neutrino interactions. The groups leading this planning project, funded in part through earlier investments from the NSF, have led the development of wire chamber planes for LAr-TPC experiments laying the groundwork for DUNE. These groups will now develop a construction strategy, methodology and plan to construct half of the APAs needed for the first two 10-kton modules of DUNE. It is envisioned that 2-3 APA "factories" would be built at university sites that have the technical facilities and infrastructure required to host the APA production lines. These multiple regional factories would allow for direct participation by many collaborating university groups. Ultimately, developing and then operating an APA construction program would provide excellent training opportunities for postdoctoral researchers, graduate students, and undergraduate students. It is anticipated that the project would interest and engage a diverse group of undergraduate students at each of the construction sites.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.