Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Independent Adaptation Of Subsistence Technologies

博士论文改进补助金：生存技术的独立适应

• 批准号: 1824983
• 负责人: Matthew Liebmann
• 金额: $ 2.52万
• 依托单位: Harvard University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-07-01 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1824983&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Independent

Directed by Mr. Wade Campbell (Harvard University), the Early Navajo Pastoral Landscape Project (ENPLP) examines how indigenous communities in the American Southwest negotiated the introduction of foreign animal species and new economic practices during the Spanish colonial period. While previous archaeological studies have explored this phenomenon in the context of subjugated Native populations, few have considered how the independent development of "pericolonial" pastoral traditions spurred societal changes among unconquered indigenous groups. The non-coerced adoption of sheep by Navajo frontier communities in 17th and 18th century New Mexico and the subsequent evolution of an intensely pastoral lifeway that continues to this day stand out as unique sociocultural developments in the Southwest. The ENPLP will investigate the mechanisms by which early Navajos successfully negotiated the entry of Old World domesticates and their attendant social and landscape impacts while remaining free from Spanish hegemony. This work will allow the researchers to examine the complexity of Navajo societal responses to more than four centuries of Euro-American colonialism in the Southwest, as well as contribute an important long-term perspective to ongoing efforts to preserve and sustain traditional Navajo culture. Such work has the potential to prove significant for researchers outside the American Southwest exploring an array of anthropological topics including pastoralism, colonialism, and indigenous identity politics.The ENPLP will examine the pericolonial impacts of incipient pastoralism on the social organization and settlement patterns of early Navajo communities in the Dinétah region of northwest New Mexico. The oldest known center of Navajo settlement in the Southwest, Dinétah was the center of a number of sociocultural shifts in Navajo society during the Gobernador Phase (c. AD 1626-1775), including population growth, fortress construction, and migration away from the region. Although previous researchers have suggested these changes are related to the rise of Navajo sheepherding practices following Spanish colonization circa AD 1600, this relationship remains poorly understood. The ENPLP will employ a collaborative three-phase research program involving both Native and non-Native archaeologists to address these questions. In Phase One, the participant-observation of modern sheepherding practices on the Navajo Nation will be used to identify interpretive analogs for early Navajo pastoral land use. Phase Two will build on the ethnoarchaeology to create a geospatial model for early Navajo pastoral site location and land use. Phase Three will employ intensive site mapping and geoarchaeological testing to distinguish potential Navajo pastoral sites by identifying nearby corral-related dung deposits in the Dinétah region. These data will be combined with archival data from previous Cultural Resource Management projects in order to determine the spatial and material correlates of Gobernador Phase Navajo pastoral sites. Together this information will be used to assess the extent, intensity, and type of herding strategies employed by Gobernador Phase Navajo groups in Dinétah, as well as evidence for social differentiation based on access to livestock.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

由Wade坎贝尔先生（哈佛大学）指导的早期纳瓦霍田园景观项目研究了在西班牙殖民时期，美国西南部的土著社区如何谈判引进外国动物物种和新的经济做法。虽然以前的考古学研究探讨了这一现象的背景下，被征服的土著居民，很少有人考虑如何独立发展的“殖民地周边”的田园传统，刺激社会的变化，未征服的土著群体。世纪和18世纪新墨西哥州的纳瓦霍边境社区非强制性地收养绵羊，以及随后持续至今的强烈田园生活方式的演变，成为西南地区独特的社会文化发展。ENPLP将调查早期纳瓦霍人成功谈判旧世界驯化的进入及其伴随的社会和景观影响的机制，同时保持自由西班牙霸权。这项工作将使研究人员能够研究纳瓦霍社会对西南部四个多世纪欧美殖民主义的复杂反应，并为保护和维持传统纳瓦霍文化的持续努力提供重要的长期视角。这样的工作有可能证明美国西南部以外的研究人员探索一系列人类学课题，包括畜牧业，殖民主义和土著身份politics.The ENPLP将研究早期畜牧业的社会组织和早期纳瓦霍社区的定居模式在新墨西哥州西北部的Dinetah地区的殖民地周围的影响。迪内塔是西南部最古老的纳瓦霍人定居中心，是纳瓦霍人在总督阶段（Gobernador Phase，约公元前200年）社会文化变迁的中心。公元1626年至1775年），包括人口增长，堡垒建设和移民离开该地区。尽管先前的研究人员认为这些变化与公元1600年左右西班牙殖民化后纳瓦霍牧羊习俗的兴起有关，但这种关系仍然知之甚少。ENPLP将采用一个由原住民和非原住民考古学家参与的三阶段合作研究计划来解决这些问题。在第一阶段，参与观察纳瓦霍民族的现代牧羊实践将被用来确定早期纳瓦霍牧民土地使用的解释性类似物。第二阶段将建立在民族考古学的基础上，为早期纳瓦霍牧地的位置和土地利用建立一个地理空间模型。第三阶段将采用密集的场地测绘和地质考古测试，通过识别迪内塔地区附近与畜栏相关的粪便沉积物来区分潜在的纳瓦霍牧场。这些数据将与以前的文化资源管理项目的档案数据相结合，以确定Gobernador阶段纳瓦霍牧区网站的空间和材料的相关性。这些信息将被用于评估Dinetah的Gobernador Phase Navajo群体所采用的放牧策略的范围、强度和类型，以及基于牲畜获取的社会分化证据。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。