Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Independent Adaptation Of Subsistence Technologies

由韦德·坎贝尔先生(哈佛大学)执导的早期纳瓦霍田园景观项目(ENPLP)研究了美国西南部的土著社区如何在西班牙殖民时期通过谈判引进外国动物物种和新的经济做法。虽然以前的考古学研究在被征服的土著人口的背景下探索了这一现象，但很少有人考虑“殖民周边”田园传统的独立发展如何在未被征服的土著群体中刺激社会变化。17世纪和18世纪新墨西哥州纳瓦霍边境社区非强迫收养绵羊，以及随后强烈的田园生活方式的演变，至今仍是西南部独特的社会文化发展。ENPLP将调查早期纳瓦霍人成功谈判旧大陆家养动物进入的机制及其随之而来的社会和景观影响，同时保持西班牙霸权的自由。这项工作将使研究人员能够研究纳瓦霍人对西南部四个多世纪欧美殖民主义的社会反应的复杂性，并为持续努力保护和维持传统纳瓦霍人文化提供重要的长期视角。这些工作有可能对美国西南部以外的研究人员具有重要意义，他们将探索一系列人类学主题，包括牧民、殖民主义和土著身份政治。ENPLP将研究早期牧民对新墨西哥州西北部Dinétah地区早期纳瓦霍社区的社会组织和定居模式的殖民周边影响。迪内塔是西南部已知的最古老的纳瓦霍定居点中心，在戈伯纳多时期(约公元1626-1775年)，迪内塔是纳瓦霍社会许多社会文化变迁的中心，包括人口增长、堡垒建设和离开该地区的移民。尽管之前的研究人员认为这些变化与公元1600年左右西班牙殖民后纳瓦霍人放羊习俗的兴起有关，但这种关系仍然知之甚少。ENPLP将采用一个包括原住民和非原住民考古学家在内的三阶段合作研究计划来解决这些问题。在第一阶段，将利用对纳瓦霍民族现代放羊做法的参与者观察来确定早期纳瓦霍牧场土地使用的解释性类比。第二阶段将建立在民族考古学的基础上，为早期纳瓦霍牧场地点和土地使用创建一个地理空间模型。第三阶段将采用密集的现场测绘和地质考古测试，通过查明迪内塔地区附近与畜栏有关的粪便矿藏来区分潜在的纳瓦霍牧场地点。这些数据将与以前文化资源管理项目的档案数据结合起来，以确定戈伯纳多阶段纳瓦霍牧场的空间和材料相关性。这些信息将被用来评估Dinétah的戈伯纳多阶段纳瓦霍人群体所采用的放牧策略的程度、强度和类型，以及基于获得家畜的社会分化的证据。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Directed by Mr. Wade Campbell (Harvard University), the Early Navajo Pastoral Landscape Project (ENPLP) examines how indigenous communities in the American Southwest negotiated the introduction of foreign animal species and new economic practices during the Spanish colonial period. While previous archaeological studies have explored this phenomenon in the context of subjugated Native populations, few have considered how the independent development of "pericolonial" pastoral traditions spurred societal changes among unconquered indigenous groups. The non-coerced adoption of sheep by Navajo frontier communities in 17th and 18th century New Mexico and the subsequent evolution of an intensely pastoral lifeway that continues to this day stand out as unique sociocultural developments in the Southwest. The ENPLP will investigate the mechanisms by which early Navajos successfully negotiated the entry of Old World domesticates and their attendant social and landscape impacts while remaining free from Spanish hegemony. This work will allow the researchers to examine the complexity of Navajo societal responses to more than four centuries of Euro-American colonialism in the Southwest, as well as contribute an important long-term perspective to ongoing efforts to preserve and sustain traditional Navajo culture. Such work has the potential to prove significant for researchers outside the American Southwest exploring an array of anthropological topics including pastoralism, colonialism, and indigenous identity politics.The ENPLP will examine the pericolonial impacts of incipient pastoralism on the social organization and settlement patterns of early Navajo communities in the Dinétah region of northwest New Mexico. The oldest known center of Navajo settlement in the Southwest, Dinétah was the center of a number of sociocultural shifts in Navajo society during the Gobernador Phase (c. AD 1626-1775), including population growth, fortress construction, and migration away from the region. Although previous researchers have suggested these changes are related to the rise of Navajo sheepherding practices following Spanish colonization circa AD 1600, this relationship remains poorly understood. The ENPLP will employ a collaborative three-phase research program involving both Native and non-Native archaeologists to address these questions. In Phase One, the participant-observation of modern sheepherding practices on the Navajo Nation will be used to identify interpretive analogs for early Navajo pastoral land use. Phase Two will build on the ethnoarchaeology to create a geospatial model for early Navajo pastoral site location and land use. Phase Three will employ intensive site mapping and geoarchaeological testing to distinguish potential Navajo pastoral sites by identifying nearby corral-related dung deposits in the Dinétah region. These data will be combined with archival data from previous Cultural Resource Management projects in order to determine the spatial and material correlates of Gobernador Phase Navajo pastoral sites. Together this information will be used to assess the extent, intensity, and type of herding strategies employed by Gobernador Phase Navajo groups in Dinétah, as well as evidence for social differentiation based on access to livestock.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.