The Motte and Bailey Castle. Expansion of a Fortification Type at Elbe and Oder River in high and late Middle Ages

申请者的海森堡奖学金的科学目标之一是对欧洲大部分地区已知的护城河和贝利城堡进行调查。目前研究补助金的目的是通过考古实地调查，对这些防御工事的年代、建造、建筑结构和功能进行考古实地调查，以扩大非常有限的研究基础。该项目使斑驳和贝利城堡的空间向东扩展成为焦点：在易北河和奥德河(旧马奇和下西里西亚之间)地区。因此，该项目解决了中世纪城堡研究的相当大的需求。在关闭项目的两年期间，通过对八个这样的据点进行挖掘和其他研究，产生了关于斑驳城堡和贝利城堡的重要而有趣的结果。这项建议的目的是将这项研究补助金再延长一年。在第三个项目年度，最终将得出结果。其目的是将许多研究成果整合在一本大型专著中，讨论工区斑驳和贝利城堡现象的考古学、历史和文化意义，以及它与中欧中世纪晚期和晚期防御工事的关系。此外，还应在西部研究地区的四个城堡--老马奇和普里尼茨--进行有限的实地考察。这将完善项目的结果。这四个防御工事将通过历史方法、地面和地球物理测量进行调查，通过有限的挖掘进行研究和探索，以确定确切的日期，阐明小山的建造、建筑的设计和质量，并了解城堡的年代、用途、社会、军事和象征意义、建造者和他的经济状况。防御工事的选择使我们能够照亮到目前为止被理解为不令人满意的莫特和贝利城堡的一些方面：研究计划旨在调查一座天然山丘上的护城河，两座外贝利城堡，以及一座可能是由早期鹅卵石和砖砌建筑的富豪城堡山丘。

One of the scientific aims of the Heisenberg scholarship of the applicant is the investigation of the moat and bailey castles known in large parts of Europe. The aim of the current research grant is to extend the very limited research base by archaeological field investigations concerning the chronology, the construction, building structure and the function of these fortifications. The project brings the eastward direction of the spatial expansion of the motte and bailey castle into focus: in the regions on the rivers Elbe and Oder (between Old March and Lower Silesia). Thus, the project solves a considerable desideratum of the medieval castle research. During the two years of the closing project important and interesting results on the motte and bailey castles were produced, by excavations and other research in eight such strongholds. The aim of this proposal is the extension of this research grant for one more year.In the third project year, the results shall be worked out finally. The aim is the integration of the many results of the research in one large monograph, discussing the archaeology, history and cultural meaning of the motte and bailey castle phenomenon in the work area and its relations to the high and late-medieval fortifications in Central Europe. Moreover, there shall be carried out limited fieldwork at four castles in the western areas of research, Old March and Prignitz. This shall perfect the results of the project. The four fortifications will be investigated by historical methods, by surface and geophysical surveys, researched and explored by limited excavations to ascertain the exact date, to illuminate the construction of the hill, the design and quality of buildings as well as to learn about dating, use, social, military and symbolic meaning of the castle, its builder and his economic situation. The choice of the fortifications enables us to light up aspects of motte and bailey castles which are understood not satisfying up to now: The research program intends the investigation of a moat on a natural hill, of two outer baileys and of a presumably magnate's castle hill with early cobblestone and brick building.