Collaborative Research: Measurements and Modelling of the Indonesian Throughflow International Experiment (MINTIE)

合作研究：印度尼西亚通流国际实验（MINTIE）的测量和建模

• 批准号: 1851108
• 负责人: Stephen Riser
• 金额: $ 140.68万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-06-15 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1851108&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Measurements; Modelling; Indonesian

The Indonesian Seas play a fundamental role in controlling the Earth's climate. They are located near the largest centers of atmospheric deep convection and represent the connection of the tropics to the global overturning circulation. In this area, Pacific Warm Pool waters are cooled and freshened forming a unique water mass that it can be traced across the Indian Ocean basin and beyond. Amongst other processes, tidally-driven mixing plays a critical role in this water mass transformation and impacts regional upwelling, sea surface temperature (SST) patterns and thus global climate. This project will be the US component of an international collaborative study, called MINTIE (Measuring and Modeling the INdonesian Throughflow International Experiment), developed for the understanding of the oceanic processes in the region. The international MINTIE observational effort is a novel combination of a 3-year deployment of a transport and water mass resolving mooring array within the major Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) passages. In addition, it includes simultaneous measurements of hydrography using profiling floats, turbulence dissipation and fine-scale shear in the interior seas, and ship-based detailed surveys in the straits. The moored array will be a joint effort between USA, China, and Indonesia, while the float array is a coordinated joint effort between USA, Australian, and Indonesia. The project, in addition to the in-situ measurements utilizes state-of-the-science numerical simulations and diagnostic tools to probe the drivers and dynamics of the Indonesian Through Flow. US graduate and undergraduate students will be supported by the project and trained in sea-going oceanography and cutting-edge numerical modelling. At the same time the students will be exposed to international scientific collaborations. Results and data will be broadly disseminated within and beyond the scientific community through targeted workshops, presentations at oceanographic meetings, and a web site. Insights and quantification of transport controls and mixing processes in this key region will have application in global modelling systems used for ocean and climate forecasts. The participation of US scientists in a collaborative international project maintains US scientific competitiveness. Indonesia, a principal partner, will provide ship time and logistical support; local students and early career scientists who will participate in the field program and analysis advancing an active ocean observing capability in that country. The float deployments will lay the groundwork for an ongoing regional Argo array, which to date has not been possible.The highly successful INSTANT program, a multinational effort that involved the US and 5 more countries increased significantly our understanding of the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) over 12 years ago. Since then, sparse ongoing observations and regional modelling studies have exposed our remaining knowledge gaps. We have little knowledge on how the interplay between the ITF, incoming remotely-forced wind-driven planetary wave energy and locally generated internal tidal waves and the mixing they produce impacts export heat and freshwater fluxes and SST. These issues will be addressed using more detailed observations of internal hydrography, mixing rates and Inflowing/outflowing heat and freshwater fluxes. In addition, since the end of INSTANT in 2006, a significant shift has occurred in the Indo-Pacific system, and likely also the ITF. The drivers of this shift remain unexplained. While INSTANT shed light on the mean transport and its variability, shear and dissipation observations were largely absent, water mass observations both in the straits and internal seas were sparse and large uncertainties in transport estimates limited inferences about mixing and transformation processes. The simultaneous observations of water mass and transport variability in inflow and outflow straits, provided by this project, along with hydrography, velocity fine-scale, and dissipation in the internal seas, will shed new light on how and where transformation occurs. These unprecedented observations will be combined with a tailored set of high resolution, tidally resolving and dynamically nested simulations and diagnostic tools that allow quantification of water mass transformation, isolation of drivers of flow and pathway variability and controls on SST.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

印度尼西亚海在控制地球气候方面发挥着重要作用。它们位于最大的大气深对流中心附近，代表热带地区与全球翻转环流的联系。在该地区，太平洋暖池的海水被冷却和净化，形成了独特的水团，可以追溯到印度洋盆地及其他地区。在其他过程中，潮汐驱动的混合在水团转变中发挥着关键作用，并影响区域上升流、海面温度（SST）模式，从而影响全球气候。该项目将成为一项名为 MINTIE（印度尼西亚通流国际实验测量和建模）的国际合作研究的美国组成部分，该研究旨在了解该地区的海洋过程。国际 MINTIE 观测工作是在印度尼西亚主要通流 (ITF) 通道内为期 3 年部署运输和水团解析系泊阵列的新颖组合。此外，它还包括使用剖面浮标、湍流耗散和内海细尺度剪切进行水文学同步测量，以及海峡内的船载详细调查。系泊阵列将由美国、中国和印度尼西亚共同努力，而浮动阵列将由美国、澳大利亚和印度尼西亚协调共同努力。除了现场测量之外，该项目还利用最先进的数值模拟和诊断工具来探测印度尼西亚贯穿流的驱动因素和动态。美国研究生和本科生将得到该项目的支持，并接受远洋海洋学和尖端数值模拟方面的培训。同时，学生将接触到国际科学合作。结果和数据将通过有针对性的研讨会、海洋学会议上的演讲和网站在科学界内外广泛传播。这一关键区域的运输控制和混合过程的见解和量化将应用于用于海洋和气候预测的全球建模系统。美国科学家参与国际合作项目保持了美国的科学竞争力。主要合作伙伴印度尼西亚将提供船舶时间和后勤支持；当地学生和早期职业科学家将参与实地计划和分析，以提高该国积极的海洋观测能力。浮标部署将为正在进行的区域 Argo 阵列奠定基础，而迄今为止这还无法实现。 12 年前，非常成功的 INSTANT 计划是一项涉及美国和另外 5 个国家的多国努力，极大地增加了我们对印度尼西亚贯穿流 (ITF) 的了解。从那时起，稀疏的持续观察和区域建模研究暴露了我们剩余的知识差距。我们对 ITF、传入的远程强制风驱动行星波能和本地产生的内潮汐波之间的相互作用以及它们产生的混合如何影响输出热量和淡水通量以及海表温度知之甚少。这些问题将通过对内部水文学、混合率以及流入/流出热量和淡水通量的更详细观察来解决。此外，自 2006 年 INSTANT 结束以来，印太体系发生了重大转变，ITF 也可能发生了重大转变。这种转变的驱动因素仍然无法解释。虽然 INSTANT 揭示了平均输运及其变异性，但基本上缺乏剪切和耗散观测，海峡和内海的水团观测很少，并且输运估计的巨大不确定性限制了有关混合和转化过程的推论。该项目提供的对流入和流出海峡的水团和输送变化的同步观测，以及水文学、速度精细尺度和内海消散，将为了解转变如何以及在何处发生提供新的线索。这些前所未有的观测结果将与一套定制的高分辨率、潮汐解析和动态嵌套模拟和诊断工具相结合，从而可以量化水团转化、隔离水流驱动因素和路径变异以及对海表温度的控制。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。