Collaborative Research: Measurements and Modelling of the Indonesian Throughflow International Experiment (MINTIE)

合作研究：印度尼西亚通流国际实验（MINTIE）的测量和建模

• 批准号: 1851108
• 负责人: Stephen Riser
• 金额: $ 140.68万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-06-15 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1851108&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Measurements; Modelling; Indonesian

The Indonesian Seas play a fundamental role in controlling the Earth's climate. They are located near the largest centers of atmospheric deep convection and represent the connection of the tropics to the global overturning circulation. In this area, Pacific Warm Pool waters are cooled and freshened forming a unique water mass that it can be traced across the Indian Ocean basin and beyond. Amongst other processes, tidally-driven mixing plays a critical role in this water mass transformation and impacts regional upwelling, sea surface temperature (SST) patterns and thus global climate. This project will be the US component of an international collaborative study, called MINTIE (Measuring and Modeling the INdonesian Throughflow International Experiment), developed for the understanding of the oceanic processes in the region. The international MINTIE observational effort is a novel combination of a 3-year deployment of a transport and water mass resolving mooring array within the major Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) passages. In addition, it includes simultaneous measurements of hydrography using profiling floats, turbulence dissipation and fine-scale shear in the interior seas, and ship-based detailed surveys in the straits. The moored array will be a joint effort between USA, China, and Indonesia, while the float array is a coordinated joint effort between USA, Australian, and Indonesia. The project, in addition to the in-situ measurements utilizes state-of-the-science numerical simulations and diagnostic tools to probe the drivers and dynamics of the Indonesian Through Flow. US graduate and undergraduate students will be supported by the project and trained in sea-going oceanography and cutting-edge numerical modelling. At the same time the students will be exposed to international scientific collaborations. Results and data will be broadly disseminated within and beyond the scientific community through targeted workshops, presentations at oceanographic meetings, and a web site. Insights and quantification of transport controls and mixing processes in this key region will have application in global modelling systems used for ocean and climate forecasts. The participation of US scientists in a collaborative international project maintains US scientific competitiveness. Indonesia, a principal partner, will provide ship time and logistical support; local students and early career scientists who will participate in the field program and analysis advancing an active ocean observing capability in that country. The float deployments will lay the groundwork for an ongoing regional Argo array, which to date has not been possible.The highly successful INSTANT program, a multinational effort that involved the US and 5 more countries increased significantly our understanding of the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) over 12 years ago. Since then, sparse ongoing observations and regional modelling studies have exposed our remaining knowledge gaps. We have little knowledge on how the interplay between the ITF, incoming remotely-forced wind-driven planetary wave energy and locally generated internal tidal waves and the mixing they produce impacts export heat and freshwater fluxes and SST. These issues will be addressed using more detailed observations of internal hydrography, mixing rates and Inflowing/outflowing heat and freshwater fluxes. In addition, since the end of INSTANT in 2006, a significant shift has occurred in the Indo-Pacific system, and likely also the ITF. The drivers of this shift remain unexplained. While INSTANT shed light on the mean transport and its variability, shear and dissipation observations were largely absent, water mass observations both in the straits and internal seas were sparse and large uncertainties in transport estimates limited inferences about mixing and transformation processes. The simultaneous observations of water mass and transport variability in inflow and outflow straits, provided by this project, along with hydrography, velocity fine-scale, and dissipation in the internal seas, will shed new light on how and where transformation occurs. These unprecedented observations will be combined with a tailored set of high resolution, tidally resolving and dynamically nested simulations and diagnostic tools that allow quantification of water mass transformation, isolation of drivers of flow and pathway variability and controls on SST.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

印度尼西亚海在控制地球气候方面发挥着重要作用。它们位于最大的大气深对流中心附近，代表了热带地区与全球翻转环流的联系。在这一地区，太平洋温暖的池水被冷却和清新，形成了一个独特的水团，可以在印度洋盆地和更远的地方进行追踪。在其他过程中，潮汐驱动的混合在这种水团转变中发挥了关键作用，并影响了区域上升流、海表面温度(SST)模式，从而影响了全球气候。该项目将是一项名为MIMTIE(印尼贯流国际实验的测量和建模)的国际合作研究的美国组成部分，该研究是为了解该地区的海洋过程而开发的。国际MIMTIE观测工作是一个新的组合，在印尼主要的直通流(ITF)通道内部署了为期3年的运输和水团分辨系泊阵列。此外，它还包括利用剖面浮标同时测量水文学、内海湍流消散和细尺度切变，以及在海峡进行基于船舶的详细调查。系泊阵列将由美国、中国和印度尼西亚共同努力，而浮式阵列将由美国、澳大利亚和印度尼西亚协调共同努力。除了现场测量外，该项目还利用最先进的数值模拟和诊断工具来探索印尼通过流的驱动因素和动态。美国研究生和本科生将得到该项目的支持，并接受海上海洋学和尖端数值模拟方面的培训。与此同时，学生们将接触到国际科学合作。结果和数据将通过有针对性的讲习班、在海洋学会议上的陈述和一个网站在科学界内外广泛传播。对这一关键区域的运输控制和混合过程的洞察和量化将应用于用于海洋和气候预报的全球模拟系统。美国科学家参与一个合作的国际项目，保持了美国的科学竞争力。印度尼西亚是主要合作伙伴，将提供船运时间和后勤支持；当地学生和早期职业科学家将参加实地方案和分析，以促进该国活跃的海洋观测能力。彩车的部署将为正在进行的地区性ARGO阵列奠定基础，这是到目前为止还不可能的。非常成功的即时计划，一个涉及美国和另外5个国家的多国努力，在12年前显著增加了我们对印尼直通流(ITF)的了解。从那时起，稀少的持续观察和区域建模研究暴露了我们剩余的知识差距。我们对ITF、传入的远程强迫行星波能量和当地产生的内部潮汐波及其产生的混合之间的相互作用如何影响输出热量和淡水通量以及海温，知之甚少。这些问题将通过对内部水文学、混合率以及流入/流出的热量和淡水通量进行更详细的观测来解决。此外，自2006年即时信息系统结束以来，印度-太平洋系统发生了重大变化，创新及科技基金也可能发生了重大变化。这种转变的驱动因素仍未得到解释。虽然即时揭示了平均输送及其变异性，但在很大程度上没有观测到切变和耗散，海峡和内海的水团观测很少，而且输送估计中的巨大不确定性限制了对混合和转化过程的推断。该项目提供了对流入和流出海峡的水质量和输送变异性的同时观测，以及内海的水文学、速度精细尺度和消散，这将为如何以及在哪里发生变化提供新的线索。这些史无前例的观测将与一套量身定做的高分辨率、潮汐分辨率和动态嵌套的模拟和诊断工具相结合，这些工具可以量化水团转化、分离水流和路径变异性的驱动因素以及对SST的控制。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。