Chemistry of reactive gases in the Arctic sea ice and atmosphere

北极的变暖速度平均是地球其他地区的两倍，导致海冰覆盖率大幅下降，北极环境发生其他变化，对全球气候系统产生影响。我们对这些变化的理解的一个主要限制是相对缺乏北极高纬度地区的环境数据，特别是在冬季。这些挑战激发了北极气候研究多学科漂流观测站（MOSAiC），这是迄今为止在北极进行的最大的多国科学考察。在2019年秋季至2020年秋季期间，来自17个国家的科学家将从德国破冰船R/V北极星号（R/V Polarstern）上与海冰一起漂流，收集表面海洋和海冰、表面微量气体和能量流、大量气象参数、垂直剖面以及气溶胶和云特性的广泛物理、化学和生物测量数据。该项目是MOSAiC的一个组成部分，重点关注有关活性卤素来源及其对臭氧，汞，活性氮和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的大气化学影响的问题；它将提供迄今为止这些气体化合物最北端、最完整的年度记录。这项研究是由来自美国、英国、荷兰、法国和澳大利亚的科学家与更广泛的MOSAiC合作进行的。高时间分辨率观测（分钟至1.5小时）将获得大气臭氧（通过紫外线吸收监测仪；商业TEI），气态元素汞(GEM；商用Tekran)、非甲烷烃（NMHC）、含氧VOCs （oVOCs）、卤化VOCs (hVOCs)（均采用定制富集系统和气相色谱和光谱法）、氧化态氮（分为一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化氮（NO2））和活性气态氮（NOy）总和；定制化学发光分析仪)。数据将进行彻底的质量控制，包括与NOAA和英国东安格利亚大学的校准尺度进行比对。数据将与MOSAiC合作伙伴共享，并提交给北极数据中心，供研究界免费访问和使用。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The Arctic is warming on average twice as rapidly as the rest of the planet, resulting in substantial declines in sea ice coverage and other changes in the Arctic environment with implications for the global climate system. One major limitation in our understanding of these changes is a relative lack of environmental data in the high Arctic, particularly in winter. These challenges motivate the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), the largest multinational scientific expedition ever undertaken in the Arctic. Operating from the German icebreaker R/V Polarstern as it drifts with sea ice over the period from Fall 2019-Fall 2020, scientists from more than 17 nations will collect a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological measurements of the surface ocean and sea ice, surface trace gas and energy flow, bulk meteorological parameters, vertical profiling, and aerosol and cloud characterization. This project is one element of MOSAiC and focuses on questions surrounding reactive halogen sources and their impacts on the atmospheric chemistry of ozone, mercury, reactive nitrogen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs); it will provide the most northerly, complete annual record of these gas compounds ever obtained. This study is being conducted by scientists from the US, UK, Netherlands, France, and Australia in collaboration with the broader MOSAiC collaboration.High time resolution observations (minutes to 1.5 hours) will be acquired for atmospheric ozone (by a UV absorption monitor; commercial TEI), gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; commercial Tekran), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), oxygenated VOCs (oVOCs), halogenated VOCs (hVOCs) (all with a custom-made enrichment system and gas chromatography and spectroscopy), oxidized nitrogen species (differentiated into nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)), and the sum of reactive gaseous nitrogen (NOy); custom-built chemiluminescence analyzer). Data will be thoroughly quality controlled, including by intercomparison with NOAA and the University of East Anglia, UK, calibration scales. Data will be shared with MOSAiC partners and submitted to the Arctic Data Center for free access and use by the research community.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.