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Developing, unifying, and empirically testing theory for inducible and evolving defenses

开发、统一和实证检验可诱导和进化防御的理论

基本信息

批准号：
1916610
负责人：
Michael Cortez
金额：
$ 52.53万
依托单位：
Florida State University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2019-09-01 至 2024-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1916610&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Developing unifying empirically testing theory

项目摘要

Throughout the world, prey species have a variety of defenses to avoid being eaten by predators. Plastic defenses are those that can change over time based on how many predators are present, for example prey may spend more time hiding when there are more predators around. Evolving defenses (like shell thickness) change over time based on which parents survive to reproduce and are able to pass their traits to their offspring. These different types of defenses influence the abundances of prey and their predators, as well as responses to environmental change. However, it is unclear exactly what effects plastic and evolving defenses have and whether plastic and evolving defenses have similar or different effects on species abundances and their responses to environmental change. Developing such an understanding is important because humans are dramatically altering environments through nutrient enrichment and species mortality. At present, it is not possible to predict how different types of defense (plastic or evolving) determine how populations will respond. This project uses laboratory experiments and mathematical models to determine how different types of plastic and evolving defenses influence population abundances and how populations respond to environmental change. This research program will train undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of community ecology and mathematical biology, engage underrepresented minorities in research, and engage the public through community outreach activities. Adaptive responses in prey to predation pressure can be plastic or evolutionary in nature, and both can alter the dynamics and stability of ecological communities. The goal of this project is to develop theory that explains how mechanistic differences between different types of plastic defenses and evolving defenses shape the dynamics of communities. To identify when plastic and evolving defenses have similar versus different effects, mathematical models will be developed to explain how plastic and evolving defenses influence system stability and population responses to nutrient enrichment and species mortality. The theory will be tested via laboratory based experiments involving populations of a prey species (Paramecium) that do or do not have plastic defenses - changes in behavior and body width - that alter the rate at which they are consumed by predators. This work will both extend current theory for plastic defenses and unify it with the theory for evolving defenses. The theory-data pairing approach of this project is likely to generate important advances in the theory of plastic defenses and community ecology. This work will also yield insight into the connections between plastic and evolutionary adaptation.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在世界各地，被捕食的物种有各种各样的防御措施，以避免被捕食者吃掉。可塑性防御是那些可以随着时间的推移而改变的，基于有多少捕食者存在，例如，当周围有更多的捕食者时，猎物可能会花更多的时间躲藏起来。进化中的防御（如外壳厚度）会随着时间的推移而变化，这取决于父母能否存活下来繁殖，并将其特征传递给后代。这些不同类型的防御会影响猎物及其捕食者的丰度，以及对环境变化的反应。然而，目前还不清楚塑料和进化的防御机制究竟有什么影响，以及塑料和进化的防御机制对物种丰度及其对环境变化的反应是否有相似或不同的影响。发展这样的理解是重要的，因为人类正在通过营养丰富和物种死亡来显著改变环境。目前，还无法预测不同类型的防御（可塑性或进化性）如何决定种群的反应。该项目使用实验室实验和数学模型来确定不同类型的塑料和不断发展的防御如何影响人口丰度以及人口如何应对环境变化。该研究计划将在社区生态学和数学生物学领域培养本科生和研究生，让代表性不足的少数民族参与研究，并通过社区外展活动吸引公众参与。猎物对捕食压力的适应性反应在本质上可以是可塑的或进化的，两者都可以改变生态群落的动态和稳定性。该项目的目标是开发理论，解释不同类型的塑料防御和不断发展的防御之间的机械差异如何塑造社区的动态。为了确定塑料和不断发展的防御何时具有相似而不同的效果，将开发数学模型来解释塑料和不断发展的防御如何影响系统稳定性和种群对营养富集和物种死亡的反应。该理论将通过实验室实验进行测试，实验涉及一种猎物物种（草履虫）的种群，这些物种具有或不具有塑料防御-行为和身体宽度的变化-改变它们被捕食者消耗的速度。这项工作将扩展当前的塑性防御理论，并将其与进化防御理论统一起来。该项目的理论-数据配对方法可能会在塑料防御和群落生态学理论方面取得重要进展。这项工作还将深入了解塑料和进化适应之间的联系。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。