Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: The Origin of Multiethnic Communities

博士论文改进奖：多民族社区的起源

• 批准号: 1929913
• 负责人: Elizabeth Arkush
• 金额: $ 2.51万
• 依托单位: University of Pittsburgh
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-08-01 至 2023-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1929913&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Award; Origin

This research addresses the development of multiethnic coexistence and the ways past societies effectively ordered and maintained contexts of social pluralism. In the globalized world today, many of cities and neighborhoods are vibrantly multiethnic, yet socially diverse communities are largely considered a fact of large, well-organized societies. Nevertheless, there is enough evidence for cases of multiethnic diversity in smaller, less-centralized societies to challenge this relationship and to question how groups of different levels of political complexity were able to effectively negotiate multiethnic coexistence. Archaeology is uniquely suited to address the long-term development of multiethnic societies, how they were ordered, and what sort of institutions were used to mitigate divisive and destructive forces which often plague inter-ethnic relations. In particular, by collecting data across periods when state-control was either suspended or in full-swing, this research will provide insights regarding the role of multi-ethnicity in a variety of political contexts, helping us better understand how different approaches to multiethnic coexistence may encourage stability or instead lead to hostility and conflict.Previous research has highlighted the political, often hostile nature of inter-ethnic interactions and the need for centralized judicial mechanisms for groups with diverse identities to peacefully live alongside one another. In this regard, states are considered uniquely suited to deal with inter-ethnic animosities through structural hierarchies and state-sponsored infrastructure which can control, channel, or suppress ongoing competition between ethnic groups, allowing different groups to live amongst one another as neighbors within the same city or in adjacent settlements. Alternatively, non-state societies are considered ill-equipped to manage inter-ethnic animosities, leading groups to instead live in exclusive, spatially segregated territories where inter-group conflict is an omnipresent threat. Under the direction of Dr. Elizabeth Arkush of the University of Pittsburgh, doctoral candidate Ryan Smith will conduct full coverage pedestrian survey, intensive site mapping, and a program of systematic surface collections near the Lake Titicaca basin of southern Peru to understand changes in the ethnic landscape directly before and after the arrival of the Inca state in the area (AD 1000-1530). These investigations are specifically centered on an important transition zone between the high plains around Lake Titicaca and the eastern Andean piedmont, forming what has been described as a 'multiethnic frontier' where ethnic groups coexisted alongside one another under Inca control, if not earlier. This research will first test the hypothesis that state-level political organization was necessary for multiethnic coexistence, investigating whether multiethnicity appears prior to or after the arrival of the Inca state. Survey data will also allow researchers to test how multiethnicity was effectively ordered through addressing what institutions, organizational forms, or spatial frameworks were enacted and how these approaches to inter-group interaction differed between state and non-state societies.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

这项研究涉及多民族共存的发展以及过去社会有效有序和维持社会多元化背景的方式。在当今全球化的世界中，许多城市和社区都是充满活力的多民族社区，但社会多样性社区在很大程度上被认为是大型组织良好的社会的事实。然而，有足够的证据表明，在较小的、不太集中的社会中存在着多族裔多样性的情况，这对这种关系提出了挑战，并对政治复杂程度不同的群体如何能够有效地谈判多族裔共存提出了疑问。考古学是唯一适合于解决多民族社会的长期发展，他们是如何排序，以及什么样的机构被用来减轻分裂和破坏性的力量，往往困扰种族间的关系。特别是，通过收集国家控制暂停或全面展开期间的数据，这项研究将提供有关多民族在各种政治背景下的作用的见解，帮助我们更好地了解多民族共存的不同方法如何可能鼓励稳定或反而导致敌意和冲突。种族间互动往往具有敌对性质，需要有集中的司法机制，使不同身份的群体能够和平共处。在这方面，国家被认为是唯一适合通过结构性的等级制度和国家赞助的基础设施来处理种族间的仇恨，这些基础设施可以控制，引导或抑制种族之间的持续竞争，允许不同的群体在同一城市或相邻定居点内彼此相邻。另一方面，非国家社会被认为没有能力管理种族间的仇恨，导致群体生活在排他性的、空间隔离的领土上，群体间冲突是无处不在的威胁。在匹兹堡大学的伊丽莎白·阿库什博士的指导下，博士生瑞安·史密斯将在秘鲁南部的的的喀喀湖盆地附近进行全面的行人调查，密集的现场测绘和系统的表面收集计划，以了解在印加国抵达该地区之前和之后（公元1000-1530年）民族景观的变化。这些调查特别集中在的的喀喀湖周围的高原和安第斯山脉皮埃蒙特东部之间的一个重要过渡区，形成了一个被称为“多民族边境”的地方，在那里，各民族在印加的控制下共存，如果不是更早的话。这项研究将首先测试的假设，国家一级的政治组织是必要的多民族共存，调查是否出现之前或之后的印加国家的多民族。调查数据还将使研究人员能够测试如何有效地通过解决什么机构，组织形式，或空间框架制定了多民族，以及如何这些方法来组间互动不同的国家和非国家society.This奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。