Post-Collapse Community and Social Hierarchy in the Titicaca Basin, Peru: Survey and Excavation at Machu Llacta

秘鲁的的喀喀盆地崩溃后的群落和社会等级:Machu Llacta 的调查和发掘

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    1101148
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2010-09-01 至 2014-08-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Drs. Elizabeth Arkush and. Aimée Plourde, and American and Peruvian colleagues will use National Science Foundation support for three field seasons of archaeological survey and excavation in the Lake Titicaca Basin of southern Peru, centered on the large hilltop walled town of Machu Llaqta. The project is designed to contribute to an understanding of how political networks and social hierarchies are reformulated in the periods following state collapse. The Lake Titicaca Basin formed a major locus of pre-Columbian political development, hosting a series of early complex societies that culminated in the state of Tiwanaku. After Tiwanaku's collapse ca. AD 1000, there ensued a tumultuous period of extended drought, political fragmentation, and intense inter- and intra-ethnic conflict. During this time, Machu Llaqta and other defensive sites in the region were settled. People in the Titicaca Basin discarded millennium-long traditions of ceremonial architecture, religious iconography, and elite privilege, and developed new ways of ordering society and beliefs. The area is described in later colonial accounts as the home of the "Aymara kingdom" of the Collas - a realm ruled by a powerful warlord with a possibly hereditary position. However, the results of previous research by Arkush and others suggest a more decentralized social reality of loose regional confederacies and rather subtle status distinctions. This scenario raises basic questions about how political networks across space are maintained and how status and centralized leadership are expressed or minimized in times of severe social disruption and hardship. The surface architecture at Machu Llaqta is well-preserved, and reveals a densely populated center with a degree of internal organization unparalleled at other Colla sites. Over a thousand domestic or storage structures are arrayed around patios in small residential compounds, organized around a few long alleyways, the whole protected by cliffs and massive defensive walls. This project aims to define how the social group centered at this site was structured by uncovering difference or similarity in domestic production and consumption, craft, trade, ritual activity, the hosting of feasts, and access to valued goods in residential areas across the site and its nearby satellites. A full-coverage survey will identify, date, map, and collect surface artifacts from earlier and contemporaneous sites in the vicinity. Subsequently, the researchers will conduct both broad exposure excavations and smaller targeted excavations in a sample of domestic compounds at the site and at three smaller sites in the vicinity. Analysis of the resulting materials should illuminate how social difference worked here.The intellectual merit of the project lies not only in clarifying the problem of Colla sociopolitical complexity, but also in addressing the theoretical issue of how societies and hierarchies are reworked in response to major social crisis. The project's broader impacts include training and research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students; international collaboration with Peruvian scholars, and the employment and sharing of skills with local workers in an impoverished part of Peru; and the promotion of responsible tourism and local respect for archaeological sites.
伊丽莎白·阿库什博士和. Aimée Plourde以及美国和秘鲁的同事将利用国家科学基金会的支持,在秘鲁南部的喀喀湖盆地进行三个季节的考古调查和挖掘,该盆地以马丘Llaqta的大型山顶城墙城镇为中心。 该项目旨在帮助了解国家崩溃后政治网络和社会等级制度如何重新制定。 的的喀喀湖盆地形成了前哥伦布时期政治发展的一个主要中心,承载了一系列早期复杂的社会,最终在蒂瓦纳库州达到顶峰。 在Tiwanaku崩溃后,公元1000年,随之而来的是一个动荡的时期,长期干旱,政治分裂,以及激烈的种族间和种族内的冲突。 在此期间,马丘·拉格塔和该地区的其他防御地点得到了解决。 的的喀喀盆地的人们抛弃了数千年来的仪式建筑、宗教肖像和精英特权的传统,并发展了新的社会秩序和信仰方式。 该地区在后来的殖民地记述中被描述为科拉斯的“艾马拉王国”的所在地--一个由一个强大的军阀统治的王国,他可能拥有世袭的地位。然而,Arkush和其他人先前的研究结果表明,松散的区域联盟和相当微妙的地位差异是一个更加分散的社会现实。 这种情况提出了一些基本问题,即如何维持跨空间的政治网络,以及在严重的社会混乱和困难时期如何表达或最小化地位和集中领导。Machu Llaqta的表面建筑保存完好,揭示了一个人口稠密的中心,其内部组织程度在其他科拉遗址中无与伦比。 一千多个家庭或存储结构排列在小住宅区的天井周围,围绕着几条长长的小巷,整个由悬崖和巨大的防御墙保护。 该项目旨在通过揭示该遗址及其附近卫星地区居民区的国内生产和消费、工艺、贸易、仪式活动、举办宴会以及获得有价值物品的差异或相似性,来确定以该遗址为中心的社会群体是如何构成的。 一个全覆盖的调查将确定,日期,地图,并收集附近早期和同时代的网站的表面文物。 随后,研究人员将在现场和附近三个较小的现场对一个家庭大院样本进行广泛的暴露挖掘和较小的有针对性的挖掘。 对所得材料的分析应能阐明社会差异在这里是如何起作用的。该项目的学术价值不仅在于澄清科拉社会政治复杂性的问题,而且还在于解决社会和等级制度如何在应对重大社会危机时重新运作的理论问题。 该项目更广泛的影响包括:为本科生和研究生提供培训和研究机会;与秘鲁学者开展国际合作,在秘鲁的一个贫困地区雇用当地工人并与他们分享技能;促进负责任的旅游业和当地对考古遗址的尊重。

项目成果

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Elizabeth Arkush其他文献

Isotopic insights into quinoa agriculture at an Andean hillfort town (cal ad 1250–1450)
对安第斯希尔福特镇藜麦农业的同位素见解(公元 1250 年至 1450 年)
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2023
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    2.5
  • 作者:
    Anna Fancher Whittemore;BrieAnna S. Langlie;Elizabeth Arkush;Matthew C. Velasco
  • 通讯作者:
    Matthew C. Velasco
Problematizing ‘alliance’ in anthropological archaeology
在人类学考古学中对“联盟”的问题化
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.jaa.2025.101706
  • 发表时间:
    2025-09-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    2.200
  • 作者:
    Elizabeth Arkush;Paul Roscoe;Jennifer Birch;Ben Raffield
  • 通讯作者:
    Ben Raffield

Elizabeth Arkush的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Elizabeth Arkush', 18)}}的其他基金

Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: The Origin of Multiethnic Communities
博士论文改进奖:多民族社区的起源
  • 批准号:
    1929913
  • 财政年份:
    2019
  • 资助金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: The Role Of Frontiers In The Spatial Organization Of Traditional Societies
博士论文改进奖:前沿在传统社会空间组织中的作用
  • 批准号:
    1719283
  • 财政年份:
    2017
  • 资助金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Collaborative Research: Bridging Paleolimnology And Archaeology Through Human Biomarkers In Lake Sediment
合作研究:通过湖泊沉积物中的人类生物标志物连接古湖沼学和考古学
  • 批准号:
    1623368
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Household Practice And The Emergence Of Social Inequality
博士论文改进奖:家庭实践与社会不平等的出现
  • 批准号:
    1561377
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Bridging Paleolimnology And Archaeology Through Human Biomarkers In Lake Sediment
通过湖泊沉积物中的人类生物标志物架起古湖沼学和考古学的桥梁
  • 批准号:
    1522824
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Community Organization In Capital Cities
博士论文改进补助金:首都城市的社区组织
  • 批准号:
    1449610
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Post-Collapse Community and Social Hierarchy in the Titicaca Basin, Peru: Survey and Excavation at Machu Llacta
秘鲁的的喀喀盆地崩溃后的群落和社会等级:Machu Llacta 的调查和发掘
  • 批准号:
    0849094
  • 财政年份:
    2009
  • 资助金额:
    $ 12.92万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant

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