RI: Small: Print and Probability - A Statistical Approach to Analysis of Clandestine Publication

RI：小：印刷品和概率 - 秘密出版物分析的统计方法

• 批准号: 1936155
• 负责人: Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick
• 金额: $ 49.98万
• 依托单位: University of California-San Diego
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-04-17 至 2023-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1936155&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RI; Small; Print; Probability; Statistical

This Print and Probability project develops novel machine learning and computer vision techniques to infer thousands of book and pamphlet printers whose identities have eluded scholars for roughly 500 years. Before the modern era, the book trade was often dangerous and secretive. For fear of persecution and punishment, printers between 1473-1800 declined to attach their names to about a quarter of all known books and pamphlets. However, now that over 130,000 books have been digitized by the Early English Books Online (EEBO) project, defects and variations in the printing tools of this era may hold the key to identifying these printers. Once an individual piece of metal type is damaged, it creates unique stamps. Since typesets belonged to specific printers, impressions of damaged type can thus serve as the fingerprints to identify the printers of tens of thousands of clandestine publications. The Print and Probability project automatically detects and tracks these unique pieces of damaged type in order to uncover new information about the history of books. The methods developed in this project could be generalizable to other important tasks and domains - for example, digital forensics and authorship attribution. In addition, the Print and Probability project will train students in a multidisciplinary way, engaging them in collaboration across multiple fields.By developing new techniques for visual anomaly detection, the Print and Probability project detects damaged letterforms that create consistent aberrations. Based on these damaged type extractions, the project develops probabilistic models of both printer and damaged letter form identifications that allow direct inference of printers at scale. This framework also incorporates other sources of evidence into the identification model - most significantly, the spelling, punctuation, and spacing habits of individual press-house compositors, whose distinctive practices lend themselves to clustering and automatic attributions across all pages of text in the collection. Integrating a new method for automatic compositor attribution, this project develops a statistical model for printer identification that leverages the same sources of evidence compiled manually by scholars of rare books, but at a scale and speed never before possible.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

这个印刷品和概率项目开发了新颖的机器学习和计算机视觉技术，以推断数千名书籍和小册子印刷商的身份，这些印刷商的身份大约500年来一直让学者们摸不着头脑。在现代之前，图书交易往往是危险和秘密的。由于担心受到迫害和惩罚，1473年至1800年间的印刷商拒绝在所有已知书籍和小册子上署名。然而，现在已经有超过13万本书被早期英语在线丛书(EEBO)项目数字化，这个时代印刷工具的缺陷和变化可能是识别这些印刷商的关键。一旦一块金属字体被损坏，它就会创造出独特的邮票。由于排版属于特定的印刷商，因此损坏字体的印记可以作为指纹来识别数以万计的秘密出版物的印刷商。印刷和概率项目自动检测和跟踪这些独特的损坏类型，以发现有关书籍历史的新信息。该项目开发的方法可推广到其他重要任务和领域--例如数字取证和作者归属。此外，印刷和概率项目将以多学科的方式培训学生，让他们参与到多个领域的合作中。通过开发新的视觉异常检测技术，印刷和概率项目可以检测造成一致像差的损坏字体。基于这些损坏的类型提取，该项目开发了打印机和损坏的字母形式识别的概率模型，从而可以直接推断大规模的打印机。这一框架还将其他证据来源纳入识别模型--最重要的是，个别出版社排字人员的拼写、标点和间隔习惯，他们独特的做法有助于对集合中所有文本页面进行分类和自动归类。该项目集成了一种新的自动排序器归属方法，开发了一个用于印刷商识别的统计模型，该模型利用了由研究稀有书籍的学者手动汇编的相同证据来源，但其规模和速度前所未有。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。