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SBP: Developmental mechanisms underlying the emergence of racial bias

SBP：种族偏见出现背后的发展机制

基本信息

批准号：
2017375
负责人：
Marjorie Rhodes
金额：
$ 71.56万
依托单位：
New York University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2020-09-15 至 2023-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2017375&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
SBP Developmental mechanisms underlying emergence

项目摘要

This project will provide new insights into how racial biases emerge and develop in early childhood. Racism remains a pervasive force with widespread and well-documented harmful consequences. An important step towards redressing these problems is understanding the psychological processes that maintain and reinforce them. Young children begin to develop harmful and problematic beliefs about race in early childhood (often by 3 years of age), and a majority of children and adolescents of color report experiencing racially-based discrimination. Yet, some children develop stronger racial biases than others, suggesting that the persistence of racial bias is not inevitable. This project will reveal how racial biases emerge and develop in children living across the United States and will examine how parent-child conversations might lead children to form harmful beliefs about race (or serve to prevent them). In doing so, this project will address fundamental questions about how racial biases take root in early childhood and will identify ways that parents can prevent this development. By partnering with several community organizations to implement this project and using an innovative, webcam-based lab for remote developmental research, this project will maximize the opportunities for this research to lead to rapid changes in parenting practices with the potential to reduce the emergence of racial bias in early childhood. The first part of this project will explore the foundational beliefs that predict the emergence and development of racial bias in children across the United States via a longitudinal study with 300 children and parents who will participate in this research from home using an online lab. This project will examine how children’s emerging beliefs about interracial friendships and racial inequalities predict the future development of racial biases. Specifically, every six months over a three year period, children will complete a series of assessments that gauge their racial biases (e.g., how much they like and want to play with Black and White children), their beliefs about interracial friendships (who their parents would want them to play with, who their friends would want to play with), and whether they believe that racial inequalities are due to essentialist (e.g., inherent/intrinsic differences between racial groups) or structural (e.g., differential access to resources and opportunities) factors. This study will test the hypotheses that children who hold more exclusive beliefs about interracial friendships and more essentialist beliefs about racial inequalities will develop higher levels of racial biases. The second part of this project will explore an important developmental mechanism by which children develop problematic beliefs about interracial friendships and racial inequalities: parent-child conversations. Using our online lab, 105 children and parents will complete a series of role-playing activities designed to spur conversations about racial inequalities; conversations will be coded for subtle linguistic cues that imply that racial and socioeconomic groups reflect inherently different types of people, as well as for essentialist and structural explanations for racial disparities. These features of parent-child conversations will then be used to predict children’s racial biases and foundational beliefs as in Part A. Thus, this project will advance our understanding of how racial biases emerge and develop in early childhood. By identifying the core features of parent-child conversations that can foster or impede these beliefs, this project will also inform future interventions aimed at reducing the development of racial bias. By disseminating the results of this research via our online lab, we will enable easy access to our findings for researchers, parents, educators, and policy makers.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

这个项目将为种族偏见如何在儿童早期出现和发展提供新的见解。种族主义仍然是一股无处不在的力量，具有广泛和有据可查的有害后果。解决这些问题的一个重要步骤是理解维持和加强这些问题的心理过程。幼儿在童年早期（通常是3岁）就开始形成有害的、有问题的种族观念，大多数有色人种的儿童和青少年报告说经历过基于种族的歧视。然而，有些孩子会比其他孩子产生更强烈的种族偏见，这表明种族偏见的持续存在并非不可避免。这个项目将揭示种族偏见是如何在生活在美国各地的儿童中出现和发展的，并将研究亲子对话如何可能导致儿童形成对种族的有害信念（或有助于防止这种信念）。在此过程中，该项目将解决有关种族偏见如何在儿童早期扎根的基本问题，并将确定父母可以防止这种发展的方法。通过与几个社区组织合作实施该项目，并使用一个创新的、基于网络摄像头的实验室进行远程发展研究，该项目将最大限度地提高该研究的机会，从而导致育儿实践的快速变化，并有可能减少幼儿时期种族偏见的出现。该项目的第一部分将通过对300名儿童和父母的纵向研究，探索预测美国儿童种族偏见出现和发展的基本信念，这些儿童和父母将在家使用在线实验室参与这项研究。这个项目将研究儿童对跨种族友谊和种族不平等的新兴信念如何预测种族偏见的未来发展。具体来说，在三年的时间里，孩子们将每六个月完成一系列评估，以衡量他们的种族偏见（例如，他们有多喜欢和多想和黑人和白人孩子一起玩），他们对跨种族友谊的看法（他们的父母希望他们和谁一起玩，他们的朋友想和谁一起玩），以及他们是否相信种族不平等是由于本质主义(例如，种族群体之间的内在差异)或结构性因素（例如，获得资源和机会的差异）。这项研究将检验一个假设，即那些对种族间友谊持有更多排他性信念和对种族不平等持有更多本质主义信念的孩子会发展出更高程度的种族偏见。这个项目的第二部分将探索一个重要的发展机制，通过这个机制，孩子们会形成关于种族间友谊和种族不平等的有问题的信念：亲子对话。使用我们的在线实验室，105名儿童和家长将完成一系列角色扮演活动，旨在激发有关种族不平等的对话；对话将被编码为微妙的语言线索，暗示种族和社会经济群体反映了本质上不同类型的人，以及种族差异的本质主义和结构性解释。亲子对话的这些特征将被用来预测儿童的种族偏见和基本信仰。因此，这个项目将促进我们对种族偏见如何在儿童早期出现和发展的理解。通过确定能够培养或阻碍这些信念的亲子对话的核心特征，该项目还将为未来旨在减少种族偏见发展的干预措施提供信息。通过我们的在线实验室传播这项研究的结果，我们将使研究人员、家长、教育工作者和政策制定者能够轻松地访问我们的研究结果。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（8）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Parents’ Political Ideology Predicts How Their Children Punish

父母的政治意识形态预测他们的孩子如何惩罚

DOI：
10.1177/09567976221117154
发表时间：
2022
期刊：
Psychological Science
影响因子：
8.2
作者：
Leshin, Rachel A.;Yudkin, Daniel A.;Van Bavel, Jay J.;Kunkel, Lily;Rhodes, Marjorie
通讯作者：
Rhodes, Marjorie

The effect of group status on children's hierarchy‐reinforcing beliefs

群体地位对儿童等级制度的影响——强化信念