Collaborative Research: SBP: Understanding the Cultural and Psychological Roots of Inequality Maintenance: Omissions of Native Americans

合作研究：SBP：了解不平等维持的文化和心理根源：美洲原住民的遗漏

• 批准号: 2041233
• 负责人: Stephanie Fryberg
• 金额: $ 59.37万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-05-01 至 2024-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2041233&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; SBP; Understanding; Cultural

Compared to other racial groups, Native Americans (the Indigenous Peoples of the United States) face disproportionately negative outcomes across many consequential domains of life, including education, income, housing, and criminal justice. Social psychology helps to understand how biases such as stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination contribute to Native Americans’ disparate outcomes. This research team has identified another distinct form of bias that undermines Native Americans’ opportunities and wellbeing: biases of omission. Biases of omission refer to the ways in which Native Americans are written out of public consciousness. For example, research demonstrates that relative to other groups, mainstream television and news media rarely include Native People or discuss Native issues. Americans are also taught relatively little -- and largely inaccurate -- information about Native Americans. As one example, the majority of history curricula in American schools discuss Native Peoples only in pre-20th century contexts, rendering invisible the 5.2 million Native Americans currently living in the United States. The research in this project documents the scope and psychological impact of Native omissions, and explores how non-Native Americans justify those omissions. Studies also examine the motivational underpinnings of the relation between justifications of Native omissions and non-Natives’ national esteem, and test the efficacy of interventions that offer potential for improving Native peoples’ wellbeing. This project explores both the scope of biases of omissions of Native Americans and the psychological processes that perpetuate these biases. The research is based on the observation that a core cultural narrative of the United States is that of an exceptional, morally superior, equitable, and meritocratic society. Yet Native Peoples’ historic and contemporary experiences in the United States, including state-sanctioned violence and discrimination arising from the country’s settler colonial origins, contradicts these core cultural narratives. It is therefore hypothesized that Native omissions arise from a desire among non-Native Americans to protect these core cultural narratives and to maintain national esteem -- a sense of attachment to and pride in one’s nation. Three lines of studies test the tenets of this theoretical framework using large samples of Native American participants coupled with samples of non-Native adults from across the United States. The first phase of research documents the scope and psychological impact of Native omissions, including assessments of how and in what domains Native People experience omissions in U.S. society and the effect of omissions on individual and community wellbeing. Additional studies explore how and to what extent non-Native Americans justify omissions documented by Native participants, and whether justifications of Native omissions play a culturally protective role for non-Natives. The final phase of research examines the efficacy of acknowledging Native omissions as a means of improving Native peoples’ wellbeing by examining whether acknowledgements (vs. justifications) of Native omissions by mainstream U.S. institutions can enhance Native Americans’ individual and collective wellbeing. The program of research aims to expand the psychological literature by laying the theoretical groundwork for understanding an understudied form of bias and by shedding light on the experiences of Native Americans -- people who are vastly underrepresented in psychological theory and research. The project also documents and helps to change the psychological processes that perpetuate social inequalities, particularly those experienced by Native Americans, thereby contributing to the science of broadening participation.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

与其他种族群体相比，美国原住民（美国原住民）在许多重要的生活领域面临不成比例的负面结果，包括教育，收入，住房和刑事司法。社会心理学有助于理解偏见，如刻板印象，偏见和歧视如何导致美洲原住民的不同结果。这个研究小组已经确定了另一种不同形式的偏见，破坏了美洲原住民的机会和福祉：遗漏偏见。遗漏偏见指的是美国原住民在公众意识之外被写出来的方式。例如，研究表明，相对于其他群体，主流电视和新闻媒体很少包括土著人民或讨论土著问题。美国人也被教导相对较少-而且很大程度上是不准确的-关于美洲原住民的信息。例如，美国学校的大多数历史课程只在世纪以前的背景下讨论土著人民，使目前生活在美国的520万土著美国人看不见。本项目的研究记录了土著遗漏的范围和心理影响，并探讨了非土著美国人如何为这些遗漏辩护。研究还审查了土著人不作为的理由与非土著人的民族自尊之间关系的动机基础，并测试了有可能改善土著人民福祉的干预措施的效力。这个项目探讨了美洲原住民遗漏的偏见范围和使这些偏见永久化的心理过程。这项研究是基于这样的观察，即美国的核心文化叙事是一个特殊的，道德上级，公平和精英社会。然而，土著人民在美国的历史和当代经历，包括国家认可的暴力和该国定居者殖民起源所产生的歧视，与这些核心文化叙述相矛盾。因此，据推测，土著遗漏产生于非土著美国人之间的愿望，以保护这些核心文化叙事和维护民族尊严-一种依恋和自豪感，在一个国家。三线研究测试的原则，这一理论框架使用大样本的美洲原住民的参与者，再加上样本的非土著成年人来自美国各地。研究的第一阶段记录了土著遗漏的范围和心理影响，包括评估土著人民在美国社会中如何以及在哪些领域经历遗漏以及遗漏对个人和社区福祉的影响。其他研究探讨了非土著美国人如何以及在多大程度上证明土著参与者记录的遗漏，以及土著遗漏的理由是否对非土著人起到文化保护作用。研究的最后阶段审查了承认土著遗漏作为改善土著人民福祉的一种手段的有效性，方法是审查美国主流机构对土著遗漏的承认（与理由）是否可以提高美洲土著人的个人和集体福祉。该研究计划旨在通过为理解一种未充分研究的偏见形式奠定理论基础，并通过揭示美洲原住民的经历来扩展心理学文献-这些人在心理学理论和研究中的代表性大大不足。该项目还记录并帮助改变使社会不平等长期存在的心理过程，特别是美洲原住民所经历的心理过程，从而为扩大参与的科学做出贡献，该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。