A social motives perspective on personality

大二人格（能动性、共融性）和大五人格（O[内向]、E[外向]、A[友善]、[C]责任心、[N]神经质）是应用最广泛的人格因素模型。这些模型的真正价值取决于它们预测思想、感觉和行为的能力。然而，人格心理学家哀叹，人格因素对结果的影响在不同的社会背景下可能会产生很大的差异，这构成了有效性威胁。然而，如果这种多样性遵循反映人格因素核心特征的理论预测，就不一定是一种威胁。不幸的是，相关理论很少。因此，在这个应用程序中，我试图发展一个理论视角来解释为什么人格效应应该在不同的社会背景下产生差异：社会动机视角（SMP）。SMP的核心假设是人格因素与社会从众（顺应社会潮流）和社会越轨（逆社会潮流而动）的社会主动机有关。具体来说，共融、A和C与社会从众动机有关，而代理和O与社会越轨动机有关。因此，共融，A和C应该在这些结果常见的社会环境中最能预测结果，而代理和O应该在这些结果不常见的社会环境中最能预测结果。以宗教信仰为例。宗教生活允许表达共融，A和C，这就是为什么它们被描述为宗教信仰的泛文化人格基础。尽管这种表达过程的有效性，SMP做出了不同的预测。考虑到共融、A和C与社会从众动机有关，这些人格因素应该在宗教社会背景下对宗教虔诚的预测最强烈，而在世俗社会背景下最不强烈。此外，鉴于代理和O与社会越轨动机有关，这些人格因素应该在宗教社会背景下对宗教虔诚的预测作用最小，而在世俗社会背景下对宗教虔诚的预测作用最大。因此，在高度世俗的社会背景下，代理和O可能是宗教虔诚的唯一人格基础，这与经典的表现性预测相反。我们的初步工作支持了SMP在11个国家（N = 187,957）和66个国家（N = 1,129,334）中关于两大教派和宗教信仰的研究。六个工作包（WPs）将全面开发SMP。WP1将荟萃分析总结人格效应的跨文化差异，并使用SMP来解释这些差异。WP2将评估与社会从众和社会越轨动机最相关的社会背景。WP3 DFG表格54.011 - 2/13第4页将提供第一次多波纵向测试。WP4将提供第一个实验证据。WP5将运用SMP来复兴“亲社会人格”。最后，WP6将导致SMP的理论审查。在WPs中，SMP将解释不同的结果：其他有利可图的行为、合作伙伴偏好、政治信仰、职业选择、药物滥用、消费者选择以及减少气候变化、自然资源枯竭和社会不平等的行为。本研究的目标是建立一个以过程为导向、情境关注和动机为基础的人格理论，它整合了社会心理学、自我心理学、动机心理学和文化心理学的重要见解，以调和不同社会情境下的人格效应差异。

Big Two personality (agency, communion) and Big Five personality (O[penness], E[xtraversion], A[greeableness], [C]onscientiousness, [N]euroticism) are most widely used personality factor models. The true value of these models hinges on their capacity to predict thought, feeling, and behaviour. Yet, personality psychologists have lamented that the effects of personality factors on their outcomes can grossly diverge across social contexts, posing a validity threat. However, such diversity need not be a threat if it follows theoretical predictions reflecting core features of personality factors. Unfortunately, relevant theories are scarce. Hence, in this application I seek to develop a theoretical perspective on why personality effects should diverge across social contexts: The social motives perspective (SMP). At the heart of the SMP lies the assumption that personality factors are linked to the social master motives for social conformity (swimming with the social tide) and social deviance (swimming against the social tide). Specifically, communion, A, and C are linked to the social conformity motive, whereas agency and O are linked to the social deviance motive. Hence, communion, A, and C should predict outcomes most strongly in social contexts where these outcomes are common, whereas agency and O should predict outcomes most strongly in social contexts where they are uncommon. Consider religiosity as one example. Religious life allows expression of communion, A, and C, which is why they have been described as the pan-cultural personality basis of religiosity. The validity of such expressiveness processes notwithstanding, the SMP makes different predictions. Given that communion, A, and C are linked to the social conformity motive, these personality factors should predict religiosity most strongly in religious social contexts and least strongly in secular social contexts. Further, given that agency and O are linked to the social deviance motive, these personality factors should predict religiosity least strongly in religious social contexts and most strongly in secular social contexts. In highly secular social contexts, then, agency and O may be the sole personality basis of religiosity, reversing classic expressiveness predictions. Our preliminary work supported the SMP regarding the Big Two and religiosity across 11 countries (N = 187,957) and the Big Five and religiosity across 66 countries (N = 1,129,334). Six work packages (WPs) will fully develop the SMP. WP1 will meta-analytically summarize crosscultural differences in personality effects and use the SMP to explain these differences. WP2 will evaluate the most relevant social context for social conformity and social deviance motives. WP3 DFG form 54.011 – 2/13 page 4 of 7 will offer a first multi-wave longitudinal test. WP4 will provide first experimental evidence. WP5 will apply the SMP to revive the “prosocial personality.” Finally, WP6 will result in a theoretical review of the SMP. Across the WPs, the SMP will explain diverse outcomes: other-profitable behaviour, partner preferences, political beliefs, occupational choice, drug abuse, consumer choice, and behaviour to reduce climate change, natural resource depletion, and social inequality. The goal is to establish SMP as a process-oriented, context-attentive, and motive-based theory of personality, which integrates key insights from social, self, motivational, and cultural psychology in order to reconcile discrepant personality effects across social contexts.