Resolving the phylogeny and uncovering drivers of speciation in the evolutionary radiation of porcini mushrooms (Boletaceae)

创造新物种的过程是生命如何进化的核心问题，理解它既可以解释我们的存在，也可以更好地预测生命将如何应对未来的变化。这种可预测性使我们能够更好地养护和保护生物多样性，帮助社会实现可持续的未来。在进化的生命之树中，一种常见的模式是物种创造的快速爆发，这种现象被称为进化辐射。虽然这种辐射在植物和动物中有很好的记录，但在真菌中却知之甚少，真菌是生命中最多样化的分支之一。为了加深我们对真菌中物种如何进化的了解，该项目正在使用自上而下和自下而上的方法来了解物种内的遗传变化如何有助于新群体的快速发展。该项目将重点关注牛肝菌，这是一种多样的，全球分布的，具有经济价值和生态重要性的真菌家族，通过互利共生支持木本植物健康。通过各种外联活动，该项目将通过让科学服务不足的群体参与中学生的科学辅导，项目科学家的公众参与培训计划，被监禁的成年人和青年的教育讲习班，并以多种语言在不同媒体上传播该项目的科学。这项研究利用了大规模的高-在一个众所周知的和重要的真菌进化辐射的神秘例子中，以全面的方法来解决遗传学和揭示物种分歧的驱动因素。该项目将利用世界各地博物馆最近保存的丰富藏品，用500个物种的全基因组序列填充牛肝菌基因组数据集，这些物种代表了牛肝菌的地理，分类和形态多样性。将从全基因组鸟枪测序中鉴定702个单拷贝基因家族，并使用超矩阵和汇总结合方法进行分析，以产生高度支持的同源性。该系统发生学将被用于发展一个现代的、稳定的分类学和重建该科的植物地理学。为了深入了解引起这种辐射的物种分歧的遗传学，将对分布广泛的美味牛肝菌物种复合体的另外600个个体进行基因分型，以获得基因组数据集，该数据集将在种群水平上提供精细尺度的分辨率。单核苷酸多态性将被分析，以推断人口结构，人口统计学的历史，和生态形态的模式。所获得的知识将反过来在整个遗传学过程中进行检查，以阐明引起和导致进化辐射的遗传因素。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The process by which new species are created is central to the question of how life evolves and understanding it provides both an explanation for our existence and enables better predictive power to anticipate how life will respond to future change. This predictability allows us to better conserve and protect biodiversity, helping society achieve a sustainable future. One pattern that is common across the evolutionary Tree of Life is rapid bursts of species creation, a phenomenon known as an evolutionary radiation. While such radiations are well-documented for plants and animals, they are poorly known in Fungi, one of the most diverse branches of life. To increase our understanding of how species evolve in the Fungi, this project is using a top-down and bottom-up approach to understand how genetic changes within a species contributes to the rapid development of new groups. The project will focus on the porcini mushrooms, a diverse, globally distributed, economically valuable, and ecologically important family of fungi that support woody plant health through mutualistic symbiosis. Through diverse outreach activities, this project will address educational inequalities by engaging scientifically underserved groups in scientific mentorships of middle school students, a public engagement training program for project scientists, educational workshops for incarcerated adults and youth, and dissemination of the project’s science in diverse media in multiple languages.This research leverages large-scale high-throughput sequencing in a comprehensive approach to resolve the phylogeny and uncover the drivers of species divergence within an enigmatic example of well-known and important evolutionary radiation of Fungi. This project will populate a phylogenomic dataset with whole genome sequences of 500 species that represent the geographic, taxonomic, and morphological diversity of porcini mushrooms by taking advantage of the wealth of recently preserved collections in museums around the world. Seven-hundred and two single copy gene families will be identified from whole genome shotgun sequencing and analyzed using supermatrix and summary coalescent approaches to generate a highly supported phylogeny. This phylogeny will be used to develop a modern, stable taxonomy and to reconstruct the biogeography of the family. To gain insight into the genetics of species divergence that gave rise to this radiation, an additional 600 individuals of the widespread Boletus edulis species complex will be genotyped for a genomic dataset that will provide fine-scale resolution at the population level. Single nucleotide polymorphisms will be analyzed to infer the population structure, demographic history, and patterns of ecological speciation. Knowledge gained will in turn be examined across the phylogeny to reciprocally illuminate the genetic factors that gave rise to and result from an evolutionary radiation.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.