Collaborative Research: BENEATH THE FOUNTAINS: Shallow conduit processes and diversity in basaltic fissure eruptions.

温和的爆炸性喷发——地球上最常见的地面爆炸性火山活动——大致分为两种类型：斯特龙堡式和夏威夷式。前者的特点是连续的间歇离散爆炸，后者的特点是持续的火山碎屑喷涌。由于火山的可达性和整个事件中收集的丰富数据类型，2018年k<e:1>劳厄火山（夏威夷岛）裂缝喷发期间的爆炸活动为记录斯特隆堡和夏威夷的各种行为提供了一个绝佳的机会（图1）。这项研究探讨了火山下方管道系统中的哪些过程“驱动”了2018年爆发活动的风格和强度的巨大差异，而与之前在克鲁克劳厄和其他地方更一致的裂缝喷发相比？k<e:1>劳厄火山是一座异常活跃的火山，它的喷发给管理机构带来了持续的挑战，因为火山喷发地点非常容易到达，而且需要平衡公众对观看火山喷发活动的强烈兴趣和公共安全（如2018年所见）。这种平衡需要对火山当前和即将到来的行为有严格的了解。公众既希望更好地了解火山的活动，也需要改进对未来所有火山喷发的可能路线和足迹的预测。该观测站的合作伙伴美国地质勘探局（USGS）受联邦政府授权，负责向夏威夷的应急机构提供建议，并将从美国国家科学基金会资助的研究中获得的知识传授给负责风险管理的机构。这项工作涉及美国和英国机构之间的材料和思想交流，以造福年轻的研究人员和学生。研究结果将通过会议和研讨会、联邦应急管理局资助的国家备灾培训中心提供的课程、互联网和科学出版物以及计划中的基拉韦厄虚拟实地考察等方式广泛传播。本研究的目标是将现有的爆炸性玄武岩裂缝喷发的高分辨率观测结果与引起和塑造它们的极浅管道中的过程联系起来，重点研究2018年k<e:1>劳厄火山喷发作为案例研究。它将结合来自高时空分辨率视频的现有数据：(1)五个具有代表性的火山碎屑足迹的现场测量和喷出物的实验室特征，(2)两相岩浆流变学的高精度测量，以及(3)与新完成的实验室模拟实验相结合的模型，以模拟出气模式。这种方法有望帮助识别伴随喷发风格转变的模式和前兆，支持这座非常活跃的火山侧面社区的风险管理。这项研究将从根本上提高我们对夏威夷和斯特龙堡火山喷发动力学的理解。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Mildly explosive eruptions—the most frequent manifestations of subaerial explosive volcanism on Earth—broadly group into two styles: Strombolian and Hawaiian. The former is characterized by sequences of intermittent discrete explosions and the latter by sustained pyroclastic fountaining. Explosive activity during the 2018 fissure eruption of Kīlauea volcano (Hawaiʻi) provided an exceptional opportunity to record a wide range of Strombolian and Hawaiian behavior (Figure 1), thanks to the accessibility of the volcano and the wealth of data types collected throughout the event. This study address which processes in the plumbing system beneath the volcano ‘drove’ the great diversity in style and intensity of the 2018 explosive activity compared to previous, more consistent, fissure eruptions at Kīlauea and elsewhere? Kīlauea is an exceptionally active volcano and its eruptions pose constant challenges for management agencies because the eruption sites are highly accessible and there is a need to balance the strong popular interest in viewing the eruptive activity against public safety (as seen in 2018). This balance requires critically on sophisticated knowledge of the volcano’s current and immediately future behavior. There is both a public desire for better knowledge of the volcano’s behavior and a need for improved forecasting of the likely course and footprint of all future eruptions. The observatory partner, USGS, has a federally mandated role to advise response agencies in Hawaii and will transfer knowledge from the NSF-funded study to the bodies charged with risk management. This work involves exchange of material and ideas between institutions in the USA, and the United Kingdom to the benefit of young researchers and students. The results will be widely disseminated via meetings and workshops, courses offered by the FEMA-funded National Disaster Preparedness Training Center, the Internet and scientific publications and a planned virtual field trip to Kilauea.The goal of this study is to link existing high-resolution observations of explosive basaltic fissure eruptions to the processes in the very shallow conduit that cause and shape them, focusing on the 2018 Kīlauea eruption as a case study. It will combine existing data derived from high temporal and spatial resolution videos with: (1) field measurements of five representative pyroclastic footprints, and laboratory characterization of the ejecta, (2) high-precision measurements of two-phase magma rheology, and (3) models tied to newly completed laboratory analog experiments to simulate outgassing patterns. This approach is expected to help identify patterns and precursors that accompany transitions in eruptive style, supporting risk management for communities on the flank of this very active volcano. This study will fundamentally improve our understanding of the dynamics of Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.