ERI: CAS- Climate: Design for Recyclability: Perovskite Solar Technology for Sustainable Energy Future

该奖项的全部或部分资金来自《2021年美国救援计划法案》(公法117-2)。钙钛矿型太阳能光伏电池最近引起了全世界的关注，在本世纪20年代进入全球光伏市场的潜力很大。尽管如此，钙钛矿PVs的利益相关者将受益于更多关于如何可持续地管理来自钙钛矿太阳能组件(PSM)的废物。如果PSM最终被送到垃圾填埋场并被粉碎，携带重金属的有害化合物可能会渗入环境。考虑到目前PSM的使用寿命很短，社会可能会因为PSM的部署而面临环境问题。该项目旨在开发确定可回收设计(DFR)准则的工具，这些准则可为PSM提供可持续的途径，并启动新兴技术可持续报废管理(EoLM)方面的长期研究途径。该项目旨在协同整合三个目标：(1)确定可持续EoLM情景(再利用、再利用、再制造等)的经济和环境层面。(2)优化循环EoL选项，以提供比提取原始材料更环保的二次材料；以及(3)通过开发环境经济模型、创建决策支持工具和提供工作坊，为太阳能行业利益相关者培养环境可持续性。首先，PSM架构将按照可回收原则进行设计。DFR的重点是从回收中生产有价值的产品。对于现有的光伏技术来说，这个机会被错过了--例如，对于硅光伏，回收过程的典型产出的经济价值很低。许多光伏回收商不想接受废弃的光伏，也不想把EoLM成本留给最终用户。然而，有可能打开PSM模块的玻璃-玻璃夹层结构，而不会粉碎玻璃内容物。因此，光伏回收商可以在EoL生产有价值的产品(镀膜浮法玻璃、平板玻璃、Au或Ag块)，生产可在光伏和其他行业重新制造、重复使用或再利用的可行产品。其次，PI将使用基于可持续性的权衡分析来评估EoLM中涉及的潜在过程。这种方法处于环境经济学的减排成本概念和可持续发展工程的损害成本概念的十字路口。PI的目的是应用这些概念来构建EoLM情景，使净社会效益(包括私人成本和效益以及减排成本)最大化。考虑到PSM是太阳能行业的一个重要的利基市场，有必要制定环境经济模型来评估PSM的EoL阶段，并告知光伏利益相关者有关环境、经济和社会可持续太阳能的途径。该项目寻求实现环境可持续和经济可行的钙钛矿型太阳能技术，即使在EoL阶段也是如此。该项目团队将与美国先进钙钛矿制造公司、美国领先的太阳能公司以及能源行业的国际非营利性协会密切合作。项目团队将与Rapid City的可持续发展常设委员会密切合作，提高当地对环境友好和可行的EoL管理替代方案的认识，并组织活动(例如，地球周庆祝活动)、开发外展活动和放映纪录片，以及举办公共研讨会。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This award is funded in whole or in part under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (Public Law 117-2). Perovskite solar photovoltaic (PV) cells have recently attracted worldwide attention, and there is great potential for them to enter the global PV market in the 2020s. Still, perovskite PVs stakeholders would benefit from knowing more about how to manage the waste from perovskite solar modules (PSM) sustainably. If PSMs are eventually sent and crushed in landfills, harmful compounds carrying heavy metals could leach into the environment. Considering the current short lifespan of PSMs, society may face environmental problems due to the deployment of PSMs. This project aims to develop the tools for identifying design-for-recyclability (DfR) guidelines that may provide sustainable pathways for PSM and initiate long-term research avenues in sustainable end-of-life management (EoLM) of emerging technologies. The project aims to integrate three objectives synergistically: (1) Identify economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable EoLM scenarios (reuse, repurpose, remanufacture, etc.) for PSMs; (2) Optimize circular EoL options for providing more environmentally friendly secondary materials than extracting primary materials; and (3) Foster environmental sustainability for solar industry stakeholders by developing enviro-economic models, creating decision support tools, and offering workshops.The project has two principal foci. First, PSM architecture will be designed with recyclability principles. The focal point of DfR is producing valuable products from recycling. This opportunity was missed for established PV technologies- e.g., for silicon PV, the typical outputs of the recycling process are low in economic value. Many PV recyclers do not want to accept waste PV or leave the EoLM cost to the end- users. However, it may be possible to open the glass-glass sandwich structures of PSM modules without crashing glass content. As a result, PV recyclers could generate valuable products (coated float glass, flat glass, Au or Ag chunks) at the EoL, producing viable products that can be remanufactured and reused or repurposed in PV and other industries. Second, the PI will assess potential processes involved in EoLM using sustainability-based tradeoff analyses. This approach resides at the crossroads of the abatement cost concept from environmental economics and damage cost concept from sustainability engineering. The PI aims to apply these concepts to construct an EoLM scenario that maximizes net social benefits (including private cost and benefits and abatement costs). Considering that PSMs are an important niche market for the solar energy industry, it is appropriate to formulate enviro-economic models to assess the EoL phase of PSMs and inform PV stakeholders regarding the pathways for environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable solar energy. This project seeks to lead to environmentally sustainable and economically viable perovskite solar technology even in the EoL phase. The project team will work closely with US Manufacturing of Advanced Perovskite, leading American solar companies, and international not-for-profit associations of the energy industry. The project team will work closely with Rapid City’s Standing Committee for Sustainability, increasing awareness about environmentally friendly and feasible EoL management alternatives locally, and organizing events (e.g., Earth Week celebrations), developing outreach activities and screening documentaries, and holding public seminars.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.