CAREER: Enabling Dynamic, Adaptive, and Reliable Battery-free Embedded Computing

几十年来，嵌入式计算和传感系统主要依靠电池供电。然而，电池体积庞大，价格昂贵，维护成本高，并且无法持续用于下一万亿设备。一种新兴的计算设备不再依赖存储在电池中的能量，而是从太阳、运动、无线电波和振动等来源获取运行所需的所有能量。然而，在这些无电池系统上构建复杂的应用程序是具有挑战性的，因为能量收集的波动会导致频繁的电源故障。程序员必须弄清楚如何将执行片段串在一起以满足应用程序的目标，同时处理由电源故障引起的新软件和硬件错误。正因为如此，内存密集型、推理密集型和面向用户的应用程序很少出现在无电池设备上。构建这些应用程序需要具有加速器和异构计算模块的新型通用硬件平台。然而，硬件是不够的。新的硬件带来了新的挑战，如可伸缩性、动态性和内存效率检查点。该项目探索间歇性计算系统和工具链支持，以集成不同的计算模块，如fpga，加速器和矢量处理器，以及传统的微控制器。该项目在间歇性计算系统堆栈中编织可伸缩性，利用这些新模块在这类重要的新型计算设备上启用响应式、自适应和高性能应用程序。该项目将探索可扩展硬件平台、自适应软件系统、高级编程语言和能源自省工具的原型，使新手开发人员能够在电源故障的情况下快速原型化复杂的无电池应用程序。这些进步将在移动卫生、生境监测和交互式设备的实际部署背景下进行展示和评估。无电池嵌入式系统为构建下一个万亿计算设备提供了一种变革性和生态可持续的方法。这个项目填补了系统设计人员的空白，他们缺乏硬件平台、高效的运行时系统和集中的工具来使用这些设备构建功能强大、数据密集型、反应性强且可靠的应用程序。这项研究的结果将影响科学和工业的各个领域：包括医疗保健（可穿戴和身体传感器网络）、生态、园艺、基础设施、保护和公用事业监测，以及许多其他需要长期大规模传感的领域。这些硬件、系统和工具将加速智能城市和物联网等关键领域的研究和商业化。该项目的示范应用，包括智能健康设备、交互式设备和以新手为重点的编程环境，将为鼓励采用无电池设备的方法提供证据。该项目包括外展和教育活动，重点是通过与夏威夷原住民公立学校和非营利组织合作，建立可持续和以保护为重点的嵌入式系统应用程序，介绍计算概念，增加夏威夷原住民青年对计算的参与。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

For decades, embedded computing and sensing systems have relied primarily on battery power. Yet, batteries are bulky, expensive, high-maintenance, and not sustainable for the next trillion devices. Instead of relying on energy stored in a battery, an emerging class of computing devices harvests all energy needed for operation from sources such as the sun, motion, radio waves, and vibration. However, building sophisticated applications on these battery-free systems is challenging due to frequent power failures from fluctuations in energy harvesting. Programmers must figure out how to string together fragments of execution to meet application goals while dealing with novel software and hardware bugs that stem from power failures. Because of this, memory-intensive, inference-heavy, and user-facing applications have rarely materialized on battery-free devices. New general-purpose hardware platforms with accelerators and heterogeneous computing modules are needed to build these applications. However, hardware is not enough. With new hardware comes new challenges like scalability, dynamism, and memory-efficient checkpointing. This project explores intermittent computing systems and toolchain support for integrating diverse computing modules, like FPGAs, Accelerators, and Vector Processors, alongside traditional microcontrollers. The project weaves scalability across the intermittent computing system stack, leveraging these new modules to enable reactive, adaptive, and high-performance applications on this important new class of computing devices. This project will explore and prototype scalable hardware platforms, adaptive software systems, high-level programming languages, and energy introspection tools that enable even novice developers to quickly prototype sophisticated battery-free applications, despite power failures. These advancements will be demonstrated and evaluated in the context of real-world deployments in mobile health, habitat monitoring, and interactive devices.Battery-free embedded systems offer a transformative and ecologically sustainable approach for building the next trillion computing devices. This project fills a gap for system designers who lack the hardware platforms, efficient runtime systems, and focused tools to build capable, data-intensive, reactive, and reliable applications with these devices. The results of this research will impact fields across scientific and industrial interests: including healthcare (wearable and body sensor networks), ecology, horticulture, infrastructure, conservation, and public utility monitoring, and many other areas where long-term, massive scale sensing is essential. The hardware, systems, and tools will speed up research and commercialization in critical sectors like smart cities and the Internet of Things. The project's demonstration applications, including smart health devices, interactive devices, and novice-focused programming environments, will provide proof of approach to encourage uptake of battery-free devices. The project includes outreach and education initiatives focused on increasing participation among Native Hawaiian youth in computing by introducing computing concepts via building sustainable and conservation-focused embedded systems applications in partnership with a Native Hawaiian serving public school and non-profit organizations.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.