Collaborative Research: Correcting sea surface temperature proxies for seasonal biases: combined data and model investigation

地球历史上比现在更温暖的时期可以让我们深入了解气候系统将如何应对全球气温上升。关于过去温暖时期海洋状况的知识，在很大程度上来自过去海洋表面温度的地球化学记录（代理）。这些代表一般被解释为反映年平均温度。许多SST代用指标表明，在工业革命之前，全球气温已经冷却了6000年。这一结果与气候模型的模拟结果不一致，气候模型模拟结果显示，在此期间，气候变暖是对大气温室气体水平上升的反应。这种不匹配使人们对未来气候变化和温室气体变暖影响的模型预测产生了怀疑。然而，最近的一项研究表明，这种不匹配是由于对代理的解释，而不是气候模型的问题。这项研究表明，代理人经常记录特定季节的温度，而不是年平均温度。当考虑到代理的季节性时，模型和代理是一致的。这项研究将测试和完善从过去海洋表面温度的替代指标中提取季节和年平均温度的方法。此外，过去温度的新地球化学记录将在地球历史上最近的三个温暖时期产生。这些新数据将有助于地面实况模型预测未来气候变化。该项目还将为早期职业科学家提供培训机会，包括来自科学界代表性不足群体的学生。该项目的结果将通过公开讲座和K-12科学推广计划进行交流。解释海表面温度（SST）代理的季节性偏差对于理解SST响应内部和外部强迫的驱动因素至关重要。拟议的工作旨在提供一种方法来识别季节性偏差，并将其从代理SST记录中删除，以改善古海洋学重建。这项研究将包括在完全耦合和理想化的气候模式中对季节到年平均转换方法进行一系列测试，以探讨冰盖强迫、温室气体、气候系统的非线性以及取样误差对该方法在全球海洋不同区域和多个间冰期的效力的影响。这项研究将产生新的成对有孔虫镁/钙和烯酮衍生SST记录从七个地点。在这些站点中的每一个，来自全新世，末次间冰期和海洋同位素阶段9的数据将被用于探索偏差的稳定性以及在多个温暖间冰期的例子中季节和平均年气候变化的驱动因素。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

Warmer than present periods in Earth history can provide insight into how the climate system will respond to rising global temperatures. Knowledge of ocean conditions during past warm periods comes, in large part, from geochemical records (proxies) of past sea surface temperature. These proxies are generally interpreted to reflect the average yearly temperature. Many SST proxies suggest that prior to the industrial revolution, global temperatures had been cooling for 6000 years. This result is at odds with climate model simulations which show warming over that period in response to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. This mismatch has cast doubts on model predictions of future climate change and the warming impact of greenhouse gases. However, a recent study suggested the mismatch arises from the interpretation of the proxies, not from problems with the climate models. That study suggested that proxies often record temperature during a particular season, rather than the yearly average. When the seasonality of the proxy was considered the models and proxies were consistent. This study will test and refine approaches for extracting the seasonal and mean annual temperature from proxies of past sea surface temperatures. In addition, new geochemical records of past temperature will be produced across three recent warm periods in Earth history. These new data will aid in ground-truthing model predictions of future climate change. The project will also provide training opportunities for early career scientists, including students from underrepresented groups in the sciences. Results from the project will be communicated via public lectures and a K-12 science outreach program.Accounting for seasonal biases in sea surface temperature (SST) proxies is critical for understanding the drivers of SST in response to internal and external forcings. The proposed work aims to provide a way forward to identify seasonal biases and remove them from proxy SST records to improve paleoceanographic reconstructions. The study will include a series of test of the seasonal to annual mean transformation method in fully coupled and idealized climate models to explore the impact of ice sheet forcing, greenhouse gases, nonlinearities in the climate system, and sampling errors on the efficacy of the method in different regions of the global ocean and during multiple interglacial periods. The study will produce new paired foraminifer-magnesium/calcium and alkenone derived SST records from seven locations. At each of these sites, data from the Holocene, last interglacial, and Marine isotope stage 9 will be used to explore the stability of biases and the drivers of seasonal and mean annual climate change during multiple examples of a warm interglacial.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.