Collaborative Research: It's TIME! Mapping cosmic star formation history with CO and CII

该奖项支持层析电离碳测绘实验（TIME）的观测和分析，这是一种成像光谱仪，将在基特峰的亚利桑那射电天文台12米射电望远镜上进行观测。《时代》将通过回答一些基本问题，如气体是如何演变成电离源的，以及这种电离是如何随着大尺度结构进行追踪的，来探索我们的宇宙在宇宙时间中的演变，加深我们对天体物理学和宇宙学的理解。通过测量再电离时期（EoR）星系发出的明亮的电离碳发射线和测量恒星形成高峰期的一氧化碳，《时代》杂志将绘制天空的大部分地图，以探测宇宙的早期时期。时代团队将继续扩大他们现有的努力，为学生开辟体验式学习的途径，并培训从高中到研究生院的学生掌握天体物理学的实验技术。为学生提供的这些机会将加强劳动力准备，以应对日益复杂和竞争激烈的世界，并解决增加代表性不足群体参与STEM的需求。这些数据和科学结果的发表将有助于我们理解宇宙的结构是如何演变的。TIME是一种高通量毫米波成像光谱仪阵列，设计用于进行线强度测绘。TIME将通过测量[CII]聚类信号来约束再电离时代（EoR）期间的[CII]总发射率，并通过测量0.5 z2的一氧化碳（CO）强度波动来确定分子气体的宇宙丰度。TIME结合了32个新型波导光谱仪，使用1,920个辐射热计，在183至326 GHz之间进行观测，光谱分辨率为100。TIME已部署到亚利桑那州射电天文台12米ALMA原型天线（ARO 12m），将于2019年进行工程运行，并于2022年进行调试运行，在此期间，团队展示了探测器的响应性、光学性能和噪声抑制技术。该奖项支持在为期三年的冬季望远镜时间内开展10个月的科学操作，开发和部署数据简化管道，并发布该计划的科学和技术发现。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This award supports observations and analysis with the Tomographic Ionized-carbon Mapping Experiment (TIME), an imaging spectrometer that will observe on the Arizona Radio Observatory 12-meter radio telescope at Kitt Peak. TIME will probe the evolution of our universe over cosmic time and deepen our understanding of astrophysics and cosmology by answering fundamental questions like how is gas evolving into ionizing sources, and how does that ionization trace with large-scale structure? TIME will map large portions of the sky in order to probe the early epochs of the universe by measuring the bright ionized carbon emission line from galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) and by measuring carbon monoxide during the peak of star formation. The TIME team will continue to expand their existing efforts to open pathways for student experiential learning and train students from high school to graduate school in experimental techniques in astrophysics. These opportunities for students will bolster the preparation of the workforce for an increasingly complex and competitive world and address the need to increase participation from underrepresented groups in STEM. The data and publication of scientific results will contribute to our understanding of how structure evolved in our universe.TIME is a high-throughput millimeter-wave imaging spectrometer array designed to perform line intensity mapping. TIME will constrain the total [CII] emissivity during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) by measuring [CII] clustering signals, and determine the cosmic abundance of molecular gas by measuring carbon monoxide (CO) intensity fluctuations at 0.5 z 2. TIME combines large light-gathering throughput with 32 novel waveguide spectrometers using 1,920 bolometers to observe between 183 to 326 GHz with spectral resolving power of 100. TIME has been deployed to the Arizona Radio Observatory 12m ALMA prototype antenna (ARO 12m) for an engineering run in 2019 and a commissioning run in 2022, during which the team demonstrated detector responsivity, optical performance, and noise suppression techniques. This award supports carrying out scientific operations through 10 months of winter-month telescope time spread over three years, developing and deploying a data reduction pipeline, and publishing scientific and technical findings from the program.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.