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Hybrid species formation in Brassica

芸苔属杂种的形成

基本信息

批准号：
262767551
负责人：
Professorin Dr. Annaliese Mason
金额：
--
依托单位：
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Independent Junior Research Groups
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2013-12-31 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/262767551?language=en
关键词：
Hybrid species formation Brassica

项目摘要

New species often evolve through hybridisation, i.e. two species coming together to form a new species with genetic information from both parent species. This process is now known to be very common, particularly in the flowering plants, and is responsible for many of our agriculturally significant food crops. Examples of hybrid or many-genome (polyploid) species include wheat, potato, sugarcane, banana and canola.Hybrid plants have to deal with two competing sets of genetic information. During sexual reproduction, meiosis must be tightly controlled in order to produce stable, fertile progeny, which is a requirement for a hybrid to establish as a new species. However, controlling meiosis when two different, potentially interfering sets of chromosomes are present in one cell can be problematic. Plants naturally stabilise on their own in the wild, as hybrid species are extraordinarily common. However, human attempts to make synthetic hybrids are often unsuccessful, and our understanding of the mechanisms behind hybrid stabilisation is poor. The Brassica genus, which includes many important crops such as oilseed rape, broccoli, cabbage and mustards, provides an excellent model with which to explore hybrid species formation. For example, the species which comprises oilseed rape (B. napus) is an evolutionary hybrid between the species containing our cultivated cabbages (B. oleracea) and the species containing cultivated turnip (B. rapa).By investigating how hybrid species form, I hope to work out how to utilise these natural evolutionary processes for human agricultural benefit in the Brassica genus. Hybridisation and genome doubling are processes which often result in increased vigour and ability to exploit different environmental niches in nature. Hence, if we can harness these processes to produce new hybrid species, such species may have a wider tolerance of environmental conditions such as heat, drought and disease, sustaining agricultural production.

新物种通常通过杂交进化，即两个物种走到一起，形成一个新物种，具有两个亲本物种的遗传信息。这个过程现在已知是非常普遍的，特别是在开花植物中，并且是我们许多农业上重要的粮食作物的原因。杂交或多基因组（多倍体）物种的例子包括小麦、马铃薯、甘蔗、香蕉和油菜。杂交植物必须处理两组相互竞争的遗传信息。在有性生殖过程中，减数分裂必须严格控制，以产生稳定，可育的后代，这是杂交建立新物种的要求。然而，当一个细胞中存在两组不同的、潜在干扰的染色体时，控制减数分裂可能是有问题的。植物在野外自然稳定，因为杂交物种非常普遍。然而，人类试图制造合成杂交体往往是不成功的，我们对杂交体稳定背后的机制的理解也很差。芸苔属，包括许多重要的作物，如油菜，花椰菜，卷心菜和芥菜，提供了一个很好的模式，探索杂交物种的形成。例如，包括油菜（B. napus）是包含我们栽培的卷心菜（B. oleracea）和含有栽培芜菁（B.通过研究杂交物种是如何形成的，我希望能弄清楚如何利用这些自然进化过程为人类农业利益在芸苔属。杂交和基因组加倍的过程，往往导致增加的活力和能力，利用不同的环境生态位的性质。因此，如果我们能够利用这些过程来生产新的杂交物种，这些物种可能对高温，干旱和疾病等环境条件具有更广泛的耐受性，从而维持农业生产。