Shifting Loyalties between Prussia's Eastern Provinces and Poland's Western Regions. A Comparative Study of Poznania and Upper Silesia, 1871-1939

这里展示的项目考察了波兹尼亚地区和上西里西亚的波兰人如何在普鲁士国家和德意志帝国各自的框架内发展出多种忠诚的纽带，以及当波兰第二共和国在第一次世界大战后控制这些地区时，这些忠诚是如何转移、改变或溶解的。它研究了政权更迭对臣民的影响，尤其是当政权更迭发生在战争时期，迫使人们决定自己的忠诚时。这里受影响的人口被迫接受，他们与政府和社会结构之间几十年的联系现在已经瓦解，或者不得不让位于全新的、未经证实的关系。该项目基于这样一种观点，即忠诚的纽带在本质上总是多维的，它们的起源是复杂的，忠诚的态度是可以——甚至必须——学习的。更重要的是，忠诚的态度不会在一夜之间消失，即使它们最初是被强迫的。目的是分析这些纽带是如何建立的，以及如何用新的纽带来交换，特别是当不同方面（国家、教会、民族）对忠诚的要求相互冲突时。作为第一步，必须确定效忠和忠诚的观念在普鲁士和波兰是否基本相同，或者是否有任何不同。作为第二步，某些应该唤起和进一步忠诚的机构将被检查：学校、教会（天主教和新教）和军队在多大程度上成功地培养了波兹尼亚和上西里西亚人口的忠诚？有一种根深蒂固的观点认为，普鲁士的学校和军队不可能用波兰学生或义务兵实现这一目标。然而，根据最近的研究，不仅要质疑这种观点，而且要质疑相应的假设，即1918年波兰的继承者机构不知怎的就会表现得更好，因为它们是在“自己的”臣民身上运作的。为了回答这些问题，“忠诚态度”的某些指标将被检查和测试其有效性：愿意响应武装号召，参与议会选举，以及守法行为的程度都被确定为忠诚的重要标志。因此，它们将在战前时期和战后时期被考虑。到目前为止，还没有尝试过类似的比较方法。因此，该项目将大大增加最近对忠诚度的研究。

The project presented here examines how the Polish population of the Poznanian region and Upper Silesia developed multiple bonds of loyalty within the respective frameworks of the Prussian state and the German Empire, and how these loyalties shifted, changed or dissolved when the Second Polish Republic took control of those same regions after World War One. It looks into the way in which regime changes can affect subjects, especially when they take place in times of war that force people to actually decide about their loyalties. The populations affected here were made to accept that their decades-old ties to governmental and social structures now dissolved or had to give way to entirely new, unproven ones. The project is based on the idea that bonds of loyalty are always multidimensional in nature, that their genesis is complex and that loyal attitudes can be - or even have to be - learned. What is more, loyal attitudes do not simply disappear overnight, even if they have been coerced in the first place. The aim is to analyze how these bonds were established, and how they could be exchanged for new ones, especially when conflicting demands for loyalty were made from different sides (State, Church, Nation).As a first step, it will have to be determined if ideas of allegiance and loyalty were basically the same in Prussia and Poland, or if they differed in any way. As a second step, certain institutions that are supposed to evoke and further loyalty will be examined: To what extent did schools, the Church (Catholic and Protestant) and armies actually succeed in fostering loyalty among the populations of Poznania and Upper Silesia? There is a strongly established view that Prussian schools and armed forces could not possibly achieve that aim with Polish pupils or conscripts. However, in light of recent research, it appears important not only to question this view, but also the corresponding assumption that Polish successor-institutions in 1918 somehow automatically fared better, because they operated on their "own" subjects.To answer these questions, certain indicators of "loyal attitudes" will be examined and tested for their validity: The willingness to answer a call to arms, the participation in parliamentary elections, and the extent of law-abiding behaviour have all been identified as significant signs of loyalty. Consequently, they will be considered for both the pre-war-period and the after-war years. A similar comparative approach has not been attempted so far. The project will thus add considerably to recent research on loyalties.