Efficient Syntheses of Natural and Unnatural Benzotropolones and Pulvinones. Total Synthesis of the Fungal Dye Aurantricholone

点击翻译按钮获取中文摘要

In 1945 a hydroxycycloheptatrienone was identified as the core of a fungal dye. This core was named tropolone. It represented the first charge-free isocyclic non-benzenoid aromatic compound. The annulation of benzene to tropolone defines the structures of 3,4- and 4,5-benzotropolone. The synthesis of 3,4-benzotropolones of diverse and arbitrarily variable substitution patterns is the main objective of our project. Synthetic 3,4-benzotropolone are preservatives and UV absorbers and act against microbes, retroviruses, and obesity. Synthetic 3,4-benzotropolone are also leads for the therapy of acne and sepsis. Theaflavin is another 3.4-benzotropolone, which is beneficial for health. It originates from the fermentation giving tea. 3,4-Benzotropolone natural products in the proper sense of the term exist in almost 40 variations. They comprise a fungal dye named aurantricholone. Achieving the first total synthesis of this compound is another goal of our project. Aurantricholone remained elusive when we tried to gain it by the oxidation of catechol/pyrogallol mixtures - i. e., in a single step and supposedly biomimetically. A likely reason for this failure could is that aurantricholone resembles a bis(pulvinone) because it contains two alpha-aryl-gamma-(arylmethylidene)tetronic acid moieties. The latter are prone to oxidations and even to autoxidation, particularly, when their aryl groups are polyphenols. This is well-known from the closely related pulvinic aicids. Hence, developing benzotropolone-tolerant pulvinone syntheses is another desideratum of this project.The foundations for three such pulvinone routes were established in our preparatory studies. Substituted 3,4-benzotropolones, which are inaccessible biomimetically, must be accessed by different approaches. The newest addition to such alternatives emerged from the preparation of this project. It employs the following concept: 3,4-Benzotropolone are enols of benzocycloheptadienediones. Benzocycloheptadienediones stem from hydrolyzing benzocycloheptadienedione monoketals. The latter originate from ring-closing metatheses of ortho-(2-allyl-2,2-dimethoxyacetyl)styrenes. Proceeding further we synthesized second generation 3,4-benzotropolones. To this end we introduced bromine after the metathesis step and C,C-coupled the resulting bromoolefin moieties. In detail, the synthetic chemistry of new 3,4-benzotropolones and pulvinones shall be studied in five regards: 1) Exploring the structural space of 1st and 2nd generation 3,4-benzotropolones 2) Realizing the first total synthesis of the 3,4-benzotropolone-/bispulvinone fungal dye aurantricholonee 3) Developing ring-closing metathesis routes to 3rd generation 3,4-benzotropolones, which work without an acidic hydrolysis 4) Establishing new access routes to pulvinones 5) Measuring the histone demethylase inhibitory effect of all new 3,4-benzotropolones. Our preliminary studies revealed a pertinent potential