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Understanding metamorphosis of the amphibian olfactory system at the morphological, molecular, and functional level

从形态、分子和功能层面了解两栖动物嗅觉系统的变态

基本信息

批准号：
277966045
负责人：
Professorin Dr. Sigrun Korsching
金额：
--
依托单位：
Institut für Tierphysiologie
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2014-12-31 至 2019-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/277966045?language=en
关键词：
Understanding metamorphosis amphibian olfactory system

项目摘要

A major challenge for the vertebrate sense of smell has been the transition from aquatic to terrestrial olfaction, since odor classes are distinctly different. In this respect amphibians represent an evolutionary transition point between teleost fish and e.g. mammals. A second, ontogenetic transition is specific to amphibians: metamorphosis. This process generates a terrestrial adult frog from an aquatic tadpole, and involves a drastic reconstruction of the olfactory system. However, very little is known about morphological, molecular, and functional changes during metamorphosis of the olfactory system. We have previously described several novel features of the olfactory system of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, which all reflect the evolutionary transition point of this species, chief among them the exclusive expression of a large group of V2R receptors in the larval MOE, co-localized with functional amino acid responses. Thus the amphibian V2R family is divided between vomeronasal and main olfactory epithlium, a very unusual feature. Here we suggest to study the development of this feature during metamorphosis, together with an analysis of amino acid odor responses in both main noses generated during metamorphosis, the principal and the middle cavity (air nose and water nose, respectively). To complement these studies we suggest two independent approaches to deorphanize Xenopus V2R receptors, measuring odor responses of V2Rs heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and in vivo imaging after knockout of an essential co-receptor for V2Rs.

脊椎动物嗅觉的一个主要挑战是从水生嗅觉到陆地嗅觉的转变，因为气味种类明显不同。在这方面，两栖动物代表了硬骨鱼和哺乳动物之间的进化过渡点。第二种个体发生转变是两栖动物特有的：变态。这个过程使水生蝌蚪变成陆地上的成年青蛙，并涉及到嗅觉系统的剧烈重建。然而，我们对嗅觉系统蜕变过程中形态学、分子和功能上的变化知之甚少。我们之前已经描述了非洲爪蟾蝌蚪嗅觉系统的几个新特征，这些特征都反映了该物种的进化转折点，其中最主要的是在幼虫MOE中大量V2R受体的独家表达，与功能性氨基酸反应共定位。因此，两栖动物的V2R家族被分为犁鼻上皮和主嗅上皮，这是一个非常不寻常的特征。在这里，我们建议研究这一特征在变态过程中的发展，并分析变态过程中产生的两个主要鼻子，主腔和中腔（分别是空气鼻和水鼻）的氨基酸气味响应。为了补充这些研究，我们提出了两种独立的方法来去除爪蟾V2R受体，测量在爪蟾卵细胞中异种表达的V2Rs的气味反应，以及敲除V2Rs的重要共受体后的体内成像。