Every-day War Beyond Collaboration and Resistance: Sport and Violence in West and East Europe Occupied by the Germans During World War II

第二次世界大战期间，在德国人占领的领土上进行的体育运动实行了暴力占领统治。它依靠军事统治和种族主义世界观稳定了脆弱的社会秩序。这些道德观念是由体育的意义构建的，由运动员、体育官员和观众中介。在破坏、基本缺乏住所和用品、建立种族主义社会等级以及镇压和大规模屠杀的情况下，体育运动表现出占领者和被占领者都希望看到的正常的伪装。因此，体育成为了一种中介(就“Eigensinn”而言)。在恐惧和需要的环境中，参加观赏性运动可以提供更好的补给或其他特权。体育是军事演习的一部分。另一方面，它为越轨行为、抗议或颠覆打开了空间。因此，对体育运动的研究有助于揭示战争和占领时期的多层次体验。该项目旨在研究第二次世界大战期间的经验，超越合作和抵抗之间的分歧。我们希望从多种角度(超越占领者和被占领者之间的划分)重建占领期间的日常生活。占领被视作一种跨国经历。因此，我们想要克服欧洲二战历史在东西方之间的划分。因此，该项目的目标是将东欧和西欧的经验与战争和占领结合起来，因此，案例研究位于欧洲跨国边界地区：阿尔萨斯和上西里西亚。因此，我们将使用日常历史、思想史和跨国环境中的新政治史的方法来研究运动和职业的行为者和环境。不仅占领的历史经验是跨国的，战争和占领的记忆也是跨国的。因此，项目团队依靠来自不同国家背景(波兰、法国和英国)的墨卡托研究员。此外，我们将在德国、法国和波兰组织研讨会，以超越国家科学界(以及记忆社区)，并为研究二战期间占领这一复杂主题创建新的国际网络，超越合作和抵抗。

Sport during World War II in the territories occupied by the Germans executed a violent rule of occupation. It stabilized a fragile social order relying on military dominance and a racist world view. Those (im-)moral concepts were constructed by the meaning of sports and mediated by athletes, sport officials, and spectators. Under the circumstances of destruction, fundamental shortage of shelter and supplies, and the establishment of a racist social hierarchy as well as repression and mass murder, sport displayed a pretence of normalcy that was desired by occupants and the occupied alike. Sport thus became an agency (in terms of 'Eigensinn'). To take part in spectator sports could offer better supplies or other privileges within an environment of fear and need. Sport was part of the military drill. On the other hand it opened up scope for deviant behaviour, protest or subversion. Therefore the research of sport sheds light on the multi layered experience during war and occupation. The project aims at the research of experiences during World War II beyond the division in between collaboration and resistance. We want to reconstruct every day life during the occupation from a multitude of perspectives (beyond the devision in between occupant and the occupied). Occupation is contextualized as a transnational experience. Therefore we want to overcome the devision of European history of World War II in between East and West. The project thus targets at the integration of East and West European experience with war and occupation, therefore the case studies are located in transnational European borderlands: Alsace and Upper Silesia. We will thus research actors and circumstances of sport and occupation, using the methodology of every day history, intellectual history and new political history in transnational environments. Not only the historical experience of occupation is transnational, but also the memory of war and occupation. Therefore the project team relies on Mercator Fellows from different national backgrounds (Poland, France and Great Britain). Moreover we will organise workshops in Germany, France and Poland in order to transcend national scientific communities (as well as communities of memory) and create new international networks for the research of the complex topic of occupation during World War II beyond collaboration and resistance.