Framing Experiments. Visual Narratives in Humorous and Satirical German Periodicals and American Newspaper Comic Strips around 1900

这个子项目比较了1900年前后德国幽默和讽刺期刊中的视觉叙事与早期美国报纸漫画，后者深受欧洲幽默视觉叙事的影响，但也有自己的道路。比较的总体标准将通过对框架策略和效果的探讨而出现。在这里，“框架”的概念将从一些相互关联的角度来探讨。因此，本项目将研究各种形式的框架，既包括图片故事中的框架，也包括背景文本和副文本的框架功能。在幽默和讽刺期刊的有趣的视觉叙事和报纸漫画的例子中，框架操作在各个层面上起作用：框架将各个图像彼此分开并构建视觉叙事;框架在图像中也很重要，特别是对于对话气泡和其他文本元素;文本可以实现与图像相关的框架功能，反之亦然。幽默期刊和美国报纸漫画中的背景文本构成了图画故事的呈现和接受的框架。这同样适用于副文本元素和结构：幽默的视觉叙事和漫画将被视为相关新闻语境中的元素;在这里，它们的周围元素和它们出现的期刊的特征起着至关重要的作用。在描述框架如何引导图片故事的接受时，心流的概念是有用的。然而，该项目的指导假设之一是，即使是图片故事的制作也已经受到某些框架的影响，特别是相关出版格式和公共传播结构及其相关媒体的框架。这两种类型的期刊图片故事都要检查它们与时间的关系-无论是在他们的“历史”参考和他们的叙事时间结构的意义上。框架效应也是通过个别故事与其他故事的连续和系列联系产生的，无论是通过重复出现的数字还是通过情节模式的变化。最后，该项目将通过首次在期刊上发表的图片故事与书籍格式之间的关系来探讨框架操作;这里，美国漫画选集将与在幽默期刊上发表的视觉叙事的编辑实践进行比较。该项目特别感兴趣的是幽默的视觉叙事和连环漫画中的自我指涉的游戏形式，特别是当这些直接或间接地涉及到他们自己的出版背景和框架的条件。

This sub-project compares visual narratives in humorous and satirical German periodicals around 1900 with early American newspaper comic strips, which latter were heavily influenced by humorous European visual narratives, but also forged their own path. The overall criterion of comparison will emerge through an enquiry into framing strategies and effects. Here the notion of the 'frame' will be approached from a number of interlinked perspectives. The project will thus investigate various forms of framing, both within picture stories and with regard to the framing functions of peritexts and paratexts. In the examples of playful visual nar-ratives from humorous and satirical periodicals and of newspaper comic strips, framing operations are at work at various levels: frames separate individual images from one another and structure the visual narrative; frames are also important within images, particularly for speech bubbles and other textual elements; texts can fulfil a framing function in relation to images and vice versa. The peritexts in humorous periodicals and American newspaper comics serve to frame the presentation and reception of the picture stories. The same applies to paratextual elements and structures: humorous visual narratives and comic strips will be considered as elements within the relevant journalistic context; here their surrounding elements and the characteristics of the periodical in which they appear play a crucial role. In describing these ways in which frames serve to steer the reception of picture stories, the concept of flow is useful. One of the project's guiding hypotheses, however, is that even the production of picture stories is already shaped by certain frames - particularly those of the relevant publication format and the structures of public communication and their associated media. Both kinds of periodical picture story are to be examined with regard to their relation to time - both in the sense of their 'historical' references and their narrative temporal structure. Framing effects are also produced through the sequential and serial linking of individual stories to other stories, whether by means of recurring figures or through variations on plot patterns. Finally, the project will approach framing operations by way of the relations between picture stories first published in periodicals and the book format; here anthologies of American comic strips will be compared with practices of compiling visual narratives published in humorous periodicals. The project is particularly interested in playful forms of self-reference in humorous visual narratives and comic strips, particularly where these directly or indirectly relate to their own pub-lication context and the conditions which frame it.