A resilient city: The Republic of Venice in the 15th century

该项目的焦点是威尼斯共和国在15世纪的弹性。这种韧性可以归因于不同的因素和对不同类型问题的反应。在第一个资助期，该项目集中于十国委员会，该委员会成立于1335年，是共和国的宪法机构，目的是识别危险并迅速避免危险。该项目将探讨文化和政治框架，使十国委员会能够确定脆弱性和破坏性事件，并为其行动辩护、指导其战略并形成其资源。与此同时，该项目将审查十国委员会在威尼斯权力体系中的地位，它如何在个别案件中采取行动，以及它拥有的回旋余地。该项目的时间框架跨越了西吉斯蒙德被忽视的几十年的贸易禁运(1412-13年，1418-1433年)，匈牙利和德国国王(后来的神圣罗马皇帝)为回应其扩张政策，对与威尼斯的贸易施加了禁令。尽管共和国面临着威胁其稳定的各种相互关联的挑战，但政治制度和支持它的贵族在危机中变得比以往更加强大。这给“威尼斯神话”--美化了它的坚持性，忽视了它在政治上保持韧性的努力--提供了额外的信任，把它固定在历史记忆中。更仔细地审视这一神话和十国委员会今天比以往任何时候都更有意义：十国委员会的战略--在禁运期间扩大到行政、司法和立法范围--包括审查、政治谋杀和监视其公民。该项目将探索为什么威尼斯社会容忍这样的措施，以及为什么它准备接受后果--例如由不信任塑造的政治文化。一种论点是紧急必要性的概念，它证明往往成为永久性的情境性解决方案是合理的，在这个意义上与应对、调整和转变的过程密切相关。对这一概念的分析包括必要性、(基本)需要和紧迫性的语义范围，将延伸到第二个供资期间。该项目的这一部分将探讨必需品是如何在法律、哲学和政治文本中被考虑的，并在15世纪末和16世纪初被用于政治交流的。它将让人们深入了解在常态和紧急状态之间弥漫的灰色地带中政治韧性的过程。

The focal point of the project is the resilience of the Republic of Venice in the fifteenth century. This resilience can be attributed to different factors and responses to different types of problems. In the first funding period, the project concentrates on the Council of Ten, which was established in 1335 as the Republic's constitutional body to identify dangers and quickly avert them. The project will inquire into the cultural and political framework that allowed the Council of Ten to identify vulnerabilities and disruptive events, and which justified its actions, guided its strategies and shaped its resources. At the same time, the project will examine the position of the Council of Ten within Venice's power hierarchy, how it acted in individual cases and the leeway it possessed. The temporal frame for the project spans the neglected decades of Sigismund's trade embargos (1412-13, 1418-1433), which the King of Hungary and Germany (and later Holy Roman Emperor) imposed on trade with Venice in response to its expansion policy. Although the Republic faced a variety of interrelated challenges that threatened its stability, the political system and the nobility that supported it emerged from the crisis stronger than before. This lent the "myth of Venice" - which glorified its persistence and overlooked its efforts to remain politically resilient - additional credence, anchoring it in historical memory. A closer examination of this myth and the Council of Ten more relevant today than ever: the strategies of the Council of Ten, which during the embargo years expanded to assume an executive, judiciary and legislative scope, included censorship, political murder and the surveillance of its citizens. The project will explore why Venetian society tolerated such measures and why it was ready to accept the consequences - such as a political culture shaped by mistrust. One argument was the idea of acute necessity (necessitas), which justified situative solutions that tended to become permanent and in this sense was closely associated with processes of coping, adjustment and transformation. The analysis of this concept, which comprised the semantic spectrum of necessity, (basic) needs and exigency, will extend into the second funding period. This part of the project will explore how necessitas was thought about in legal, philosophical and political texts and instrumentalised in political communication in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It will provide insight into processes of political resilience in the diffuse grey zone between normalcy and emergency.