Predictive Timing in Speech Perception and Production

这个扩展阶段的总体目标是进一步加深我们对语音中时间信息的自适应行为和在线处理的理解。第一个项目阶段（第一阶段）使用听觉反馈的时间属性的实时操作。研究发现，受试者对音节词尾干扰的反应强于对音节词尾干扰的反应；这被解释为尾轴运动计划具有更大延展性的证据。与此相对应的是在受试者特定的补偿模式中发现的。所有的研究对象都接受了广泛的感觉运动技能测试。在同步敲击任务中，表现出更大补偿的受试者表现出更大的运动变异性（当运动计划不那么根深蒂固时，补偿就更多）。我们现在的目标是扩大扰动刺激操作的范围，并通过考虑特殊人群（即口吃者和音乐家）来扩大参与者的感觉运动概况。4个工作包的具体目标是：(1)在阶段1中，扰动是逐渐和系统地引入的，对参与者来说是可预测的。分析的重点是对存储的运动表征进行调整，以抵消扰动。为了补充这种方法，我们现在将使用意外引入的扰动。这就利用了话语展开时的在线监控过程（而不是自适应学习过程）。我们假设扰动的感知显著性现在比运动表征的巩固更重要。(2)第一阶段的范式将用于比较口吃和非口吃参与者，再次关注对音节开始和结尾的扰动的反应的比较。目的是确定口吃组是否只是对听觉反馈操作表现出整体较弱的反应（正如之前的一些研究表明的那样），或者这一组是否表现出与音节发作有关的特定处理缺陷的证据。(3)在第一阶段，我们收集了从儿童到年轻人的感觉运动技能的大量数据（从持续时间辨别到预测时间敲击任务）。此外，所有非语音任务都有语音任务作为对应项。现在的目的是从发展的角度分析这些测试，以确定不同技能并行发展的程度。(4)在扩展阶段，我们的目标是比较音乐家和非音乐家，以提高对适应行为的程度和性质的理解。这是从上述关于运动表征的延展性的结果中得出的。迄今为止，这方面的讨论很少用于言语，但在以音乐为基础的刺激的扰动实验中得到了一些关注。因此，为了实现我们的总体目标，我们将音乐家和非音乐家在言语和音乐刺激方面的明确比较视为一个特别有前途的途径。

The overall objective in this extension phase will be to further deepen our understanding of adaptive behavior and online processing of temporal information in speech. The first project phase (Phase 1) used real-time manipulation of the temporal properties of auditory feedback. It found stronger subject responses for perturbation of syllable codas compared to onsets; this was interpreted as evidence for greater malleability of motor plans for codas. A counterpart to this was found in subject-specific compensation patterns. All subjects were tested for an extensive battery of sensorimotor skills. Subjects showing greater compensation showed greater motor variability in synchronized tapping tasks (more compensation when motor plans are less strongly entrenched).We now aim to expand the range of stimulus manipulations for perturbation, and also to widen the sensorimotor profiles of participants by taking special populations into account, i.e. persons who stutter and musicians. Specific aims in 4 work-packages are:(1) In Phase 1 the perturbation was introduced gradually and systematically, becoming predictable for participants. Analysis focuses on adjustments to stored motor representations to counteract the perturbation. To complement this approach we will now use perturbations that are introduced unexpectedly. This taps into online monitoring processes as an utterance unfolds (rather than adaptive learning processes). We hypothesize that the perceptual salience of the perturbation now has more weight than the entrenchment of motor representations.(2) The paradigm of Phase 1 will be used to compare stuttering and non-stuttering participants, again focusing on a comparison of responses to perturbations in syllable onset vs. coda. The aim will be to determine whether the stuttering group simply shows an overall weaker response to auditory feedback manipulation (as some previous studies have indicated) or whether this group shows evidence of a specific processing deficit related to syllable onsets.(3) In Phase 1 we collected extensive data from children to young adults on sensorimotor skills (from duration discrimination to predictive timing tapping tasks). Moreover, all non-speech tasks had speech tasks as counterparts. The aim is now to analyse these tests from the developmental point of view to determine the extent to which different skills develop in parallel.(4) In the extension phase we aim to compare musicians and non-musicians to improve understanding of the extent and nature of adaptive behaviour. This emerges from the results above on the malleability of motor representations. This aspect has been little discussed hitherto for speech, but has received some attention in perturbation experiments with music-based stimuli. To achieve our overall aims we thus see explicit comparison of musicians and non-musicians for both speech and music-based stimuli as a particularly promising avenue.