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Translations of modern natural law by means of the justification of colonialism and slavery, as well as the origins of theories of race

通过殖民主义和奴隶制的正当性对现代自然法的翻译以及种族理论的起源

基本信息

批准号：
317049230
负责人：
Professor Dr. Matthias Kaufmann
金额：
--
依托单位：
Seminar für Philosophie
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2016-12-31 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/317049230?language=en
关键词：
Translations modern natural law means

项目摘要

The project examines the connections between early versions of colonialism and race theory as well as the theoretical changes linked to their migration from an Iberian to a Northern European context. The instrument of analysis used in this project is the concept of translation already utilized in a former DFG-project concerning the development of subjective right. The new project scrutinizes the interplay between reflections about man and human beings stemming from (natural) law, theology, and the (natural) sciences that have, starting with the so called Spanish Scholastics, shaped both the justifications and criticism of colonial conquest, of transatlantic slave trade, and of colonial slavery. The migration of these conceptions from a theologically dominated context into the secular debate of modern times shows a special kind of contrast: Although in the 16th century there was no common view regarding the equality of men, the justifications of war and slavery, e.g. by Vitoria and Molina, were nevertheless conceived in such a way that they could potentially convince non-Christians and non-Europeans as well. Conversely, in the 18th century we find a shared opinion concerning the equality of all men as persons together with a non-contested supposition concerning the inferiority of non-white races. General freedom of all men is not contrasted, on a theoretical level, with mass-deportations from Africa to the Americas. Justifications of colonialism are taken out of their scholastic framework and treated in a secular manner related to a colonialism of settlers, to which the concept of a no mans land (terra nullius) is essential. Within the philosophical discourse, the complex interrelations between early race theory and justifications of colonialisms have thus far been marginalized. There we find views that either interpret proponents of natural law as complicit in the Eurocentric politics of expansion or understand the emergence of modern law as detached from their association to the colonial system of rule and its legitimation, which refers to the state of original population. The task of the project is to move beyond the above-mentioned generalizations and to investigate several significant figures within the debate, including their reception. Along these lines, one of the subprojects deals with early versions of (pre)scientific race-theory, while the other project deals with the anthropological presuppositions about the inhabitants of recently conquered territories to be found explicitly or implicitly within the justifications of colonial rule. While the early, mostly Hispanic arguments show mostly an etatistic character, later arguments used in both the English and Dutch contexts show a tendency to refer to individual settlers. The two projects intend to grasp the initial steps of this development from different perspectives.

该项目考察了早期殖民主义和种族理论之间的联系，以及与他们从伊比利亚迁移到北欧背景相关的理论变化。在这个项目中使用的分析工具是翻译的概念，已经在以前的dfg项目中使用过关于主体性权利的发展。这个新项目仔细研究了从（自然）法律、神学和（自然）科学中产生的关于人与人类的反思之间的相互作用，这些反思从所谓的西班牙经院哲学家开始，形成了对殖民征服、跨大西洋奴隶贸易和殖民奴隶制的辩护和批评。这些观念从神学主导的背景下转移到现代的世俗辩论中，显示出一种特殊的对比：尽管在16世纪，关于人的平等没有共同的观点，但战争和奴隶制的理由，例如维多利亚和莫利纳，却以一种可能说服非基督徒和非欧洲人的方式被设想出来。相反，在18世纪，我们发现一种关于所有人作为人的平等的共同观点，以及一种关于非白人种族劣等的毫无争议的假设。在理论层面上，所有人的普遍自由与从非洲到美洲的大规模驱逐并不是对立的。殖民主义的理由被从其学术框架中拿出来，以一种与定居者殖民主义有关的世俗方式对待，其中无人区（无主地）的概念是必不可少的。在哲学话语中，早期种族理论与殖民主义辩护之间复杂的相互关系迄今被边缘化。在那里，我们发现一些观点，要么将自然法的支持者解释为欧洲中心政治扩张的同谋，要么将现代法律的出现理解为脱离了他们与殖民统治体系及其合法性的联系，后者指的是原始人口的状态。该项目的任务是超越上述概括，调查辩论中的几个重要人物，包括他们的接受情况。沿着这些思路，其中一个子项目处理（前）科学种族理论的早期版本，而另一个项目处理关于最近被征服领土的居民的人类学假设，这些假设或明或暗地在殖民统治的正当性中被发现。虽然早期的主要是西班牙语的论点大多显示出一种统计特征，但后来在英语和荷兰语语境中使用的论点显示出一种指个人定居者的倾向。这两个项目打算从不同的角度把握这一发展的最初步骤。