Integrated analysis of mineral ion dynamics in rice crop exposed to acute herbivory stress

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We have been focusing on the role of silicon (Si), nickel (Ni) and heavy metal cadmium (Cd), and amino acid transport, in response to insect feeding. (1) The role of Si was investigated using hydroponic culture system supplied with Si and without Si. Larvae of chewing herbivore Mythimna loreyi performed significantly better on Si-free rice that confirmed previous reports. We further determined the minimum time for Si supply that was sufficient to restore anti-herbivore resistance in rice. We also investigated the role of Si in release of volatile signals from rice and effect of Si on gene expression in rice. (2) We found that Ni uptake can be stimulated by herbivore feeding. Therefore, a possibly new role of Ni in defense was investigated. In particular, a possible connection between function of Ni as a cofactor of urease enzyme in nitrogen metabolism was proposed. This was further supported by finding that the expression of urea transporter in rice is stimulated by insect herbivory. (3) Additionally, we investigated the role of Cd in direct plant defense based on the observation that Cd uptake was transiently induced in rice after attack of chewing and sucking herbivores. (4) T0 generation of CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out line of a highly inducible amino acid transporter by herbivory was constructed. (5) The role of nitrogen containing metabolites in plant defense was carried out by Dr. Aboshi. (6) The role of Si transporters in rice has been further clarified by Dr. Mitani, in particular the role of SIET proteins.