The geochemical evidence from basaltic rock tools in the southern Levant: Reconstruction of trade and exchange systems during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I periods in Israel

黎凡特南部玄武岩工具的地球化学证据：以色列红铜时代和早期青铜时代一期贸易和交换系统的重建

• 批准号: 329393823
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Susanne Greiff, since 3/2019
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/329393823?language=en
• 关键词: geochemical; evidence; basaltic; rock; tools

The overriding objective of the proposed study is to contribute to the understanding of the social and economic mechanisms behind long-distance trade and exchange during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I periods of the southern Levant (ca. 4500-2950 CalBC). We focus on vessels, potter's wheels and spindle whorls that were selectively made from basaltic rock, which owns the potential of a clear geochemical characterisation, and thus serves as an ideal instrument for reconstructing trade and exchange systems, as well as to determine the tools' provenance. Furthermore, the conspicuous selection of basalt as raw material for these tool types indicates a preference obviously beyond its mere material properties. The use of basaltic rocks often meant favouring non-local raw material, which raises essential questions regarding the socio-functional significance of this raw material, travel distances, trade routes and the nature of the social and economic mechanisms by which these items were exchanged. Selected tools from different Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I sites in Israel will undergo a detailed archaeological analysis, be documented and sampled to define their geochemical fingerprints. The artefact samples will be analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron microprobe (EMP) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), to test the inter- and intra-site variability of the basaltic raw material used, dependent on tool type and dating, and to identify possible exchange localities and distributions centres. As the investigation of potential raw materials sources is imperative for conclusive provenance determinations, an intensive geochemical study of potential basalt sources will play a major role. Based on the results of the artefacts' analyses, our own preliminary geochemical data from geological samples and data from published sources, we will constrain possible basalt deposits and sample these potential raw materials in high resolution. These rock samples will be analyzed geochemically by XRF/EMP and LA-ICP-MS. We aim to work out detailed spatial differences among the basaltic rocks in the field, which will serve as the necessary background on which we will identify raw material sources and locate quarry and production sites. All analyses will be supported by GIS-based evaluations to visualise the distribution of the raw materials used for the artefacts as well as the geochemical-mineralogical variability of the potentially extracted basaltic rocks in the field. This interdisciplinary approach in its methodological extent was up to now never applied neither in Israel nor in any other (published) archaeometric provenance study, and represents true fundamental research. The project will produce data and results, which will be an essential input for future research, not only in Chalcolithic/EBI basaltic raw material trade and exchange systems in Israel, but also for adjacent regions and other periods.

拟议的研究的重大目标是为在南部黎凡特（Chalcolethic）和早期青铜时代I期间（约4500-2950 calbc）的质量和早期青铜时代I期间对长距离贸易和交流背后的社会和经济机制做出贡献。我们专注于从玄武岩岩石上有选择性地制成的船只，波特的车轮和纺锤螺纹，该岩石具有清晰的地球化学特征的潜力，因此是重建贸易和交换系统的理想工具，并确定工具的出处。此外，这些工具类型的玄武岩作为原材料的明显选择表明，偏好显然超出了其材料的特性。玄武岩的使用通常意味着偏爱非本地原料，这引发了有关这种原材料，旅行距离，贸易路线以及交换这些物品的社会和经济机制的性质的社会功能意义的基本问题。来自以色列的不同chalcolthic和早期青铜时代I地点的精选工具将进行详细的考古分析，并进行记录并采样以定义其地球化学指纹。将通过X射线荧光（XRF），电子微探针（EMP）和激光消融电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）来分析人工制品样品，以测试使用工具类型和可能的交换，以测试基础原料的间和内部层间变异性。由于对潜在原材料来源的调查对于确定的出处确定至关重要，因此对潜在玄武岩来源的密集地球化学研究将起主要作用。根据人工制品的分析结果，我们自己的初步地球化学数据来自地质样本和已发表来源的数据，我们将限制可能的玄武岩沉积物，并以高分辨率进行对这些潜在的原材料进行采样。这些岩石样品将通过XRF/EMP和LA-ICP-MS对地球化分析。我们的目标是解决该领域的玄武岩岩石之间的详细空间差异，这将是我们将确定原材料来源并找到采石场和生产地点的必要背景。基于GIS的评估将支持所有分析，以可视化用于人工制品的原材料的分布以及该领域潜在提取的玄武岩岩石的地球化学矿物学变异性。这种跨学科的方法在其方法论范围内从未在以色列也从未在任何其他（已发表的）考古出处研究中应用，并且代表了真正的基本研究。该项目将产生数据和结果，这将是未来研究的重要意见，不仅在以色列的Chalcolthic/EBI玄武岩原材料贸易和交换系统中，而且在邻近地区和其他时期。