The Anachronism in Ovid's Metamorphoses as a literary technique

“Verständnis fende moderne Kunst findet man nur in der City”——在布莱希特的《Geschäfte des Herrn Julius Caesar》中，共和晚期的罗马人就此结束了一场关于艺术的辩论。现代艺术的概念和“城市”这个词都令人不安：它们揭示了一种时间上的不一致，一种时代错误。这样的现象很常见，而且从西方时代开始就出现在文学作品中：例如，荷马的青铜时代英雄使用铁制武器战斗，古代骑士浪漫故事中的英雄行为像中世纪的骑士，席勒的巴特勒谈到了避雷针，尽管它还没有被发明出来（Picc）。我,2)。本项目旨在说明在奥维德的《变形记》中，时代错误是一种非常富有成效的诗歌艺术形式。这首诗特别适合这一目的，不仅因为奥维德用拉丁语描述了希腊神话，并向他的罗马听众讲述了这些神话，还因为它是在罗马共和国末期和奥古斯都统治初期发生的大规模政治和文化变革中写成的。奥古斯都在内战中获胜后宣布了一个新的黄金时代的到来，并引入了一种解释历史的方式，在这种方式中，过去的事件被认为是迈向当前完美时代的必要步骤。虽然这是贺拉斯和维吉尔诗歌的基本图景，但晚一代人出生的奥维德可以将他平静一生的成就视为理所当然，并因此质疑这种意识形态，并形成自己的观点。这个项目的目标是：(1)系统地调查和分析大量的时代错误，使用(2)理论上优化的时代错误定义，最后(3)将研究结果解释为诗歌叙事结构的重要组成部分，以及整个史诗的重要组成部分。这项研究的系统基础是使用叙事学开发的分析类别来改进关于时代错误的经常不明确的术语。然而，这种方法还必须考虑到虚构性和时间性理论。这种细致入微的分析旨在在给定的叙事情境中明确识别。在这样做的过程中，经常被单独注意到的时代错误可以通过将它们分配到特定的类别来组织。虽然将整体研究结果解释为美学技术将结束研究，但这意味着开始对该主题进行差异化讨论。由于这一主题的多样性，似乎有必要与超越学科界限的伙伴合作。“Kleine Mommsentagung”将于2016年10月14日至15日在德累斯顿举行，涵盖了与古典古代有关的所有学科的贡献，涵盖了时代错误的主题。此外，正在考虑与德累斯顿当地艺术收藏合作。

"Verständnis für die moderne Kunst findet man nur in der City" - thus a debate on art is concluded by a Roman of the Late Republic in Brecht's "Die Geschäfte des Herrn Julius Caesar". Both the idea of modern art and the term 'City' are unsettling: They reveal a temporal inconsistency, an anachronism. Phenomena like this are quite common and they appear in literature since the begin-ning of its Western times: The Bronze Age heroes of Homer for example fight with iron weapons, ancient heroes in chivalric romance behave like medieval knights and Schiller's Buttler talks about a lightning rod, although it hasn't even been invented yet (Picc. I,2). This project intends to illustrate that in Ovid's "Metamorphoses" anachronism is a very productive form of the poetic art. The poem is especially suitable for this objective not only because Ovid describes Greek myths in Latin language and addresses them to his Roman audience but also because it was written during massive political and cultural changes that took place at the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of Augustus' reign. After his victory in the civil war Augustus proclaimed the dawn of a new golden age and introduced a way of interpreting history, in which events in the past are considered necessary steps towards the current perfect era. While this is a constitutive picture in Horace's and Virgil's poetry, Ovid, born a generation later, can take the achievements of his peaceful lifetime for granted and can, due to that, question this ideology and develop his own point of view. As goals of this project are: (1) the methodical investigation and analysis of the numerous anachronisms using a (2) theoretically optimized definition of an anachronism and lastly (3) interpreting the findings both as an essential part of the poem's narrative structure and as a substantial component in the epic as a whole The methodical basis of this study is to improve the oftentimes unclear terminology regarding anachronisms using the analytical categories developed by narratology. This approach, however, has to complemented by taking into account theories of fictionality and temporality as well. This nuanced analysis aims at an unambiguous identification within the given narrative situations. In doing so, the anachronisms that have often been noticed individually can be organized by distributing them to specific categories. Although an interpretation of the overall findings as an aesthetic technique will conclude the study, it is meant to start of a differentiated discussion on the topic. Due to the diversity of this subject it seems necessary to cooperate with partners beyond disciplinary boundaries. Important stimuli will arise from the 'Kleine Mommsentagung' which takes place at Dresden from 14 to 15 October 2016 and covers the subject of Anachronism by contributions from all disciplines dealing with Classical antiquity. Furthermore, a cooperation with the local art collection in Dresden is being considered.