The key physical-chemical processes determining the Composition and Temperature of (exo)planetary atmospheres

描述系外行星的大气特征是系外行星科学的一个新前沿，因此依赖于观测和解释工具。该项目将开发一种新的策略来解决当前系外行星大气研究中的一个关键问题：什么是关键的化学和物理过程，以及如何决定系外行星的大气成分和温度？因此，主要目标是评估将行星大气的不同物理和化学机制纳入和组合到预测中是否可以导致对行星大气的全面了解，并将观测作为验证评估的关键。到目前为止，人们对这些问题的理解还很有限，因为观测数据仍然过于稀少，目前的不确定性来源和成分在很大程度上尚未被探索，最后，模型受到物理和化学处理的限制，缺乏准确的预测。该项目将侧重于五个不同层次的理解：(1)将现有的行星大气工具扩展到系外行星，将关键的物理和化学纳入模型；(2)重新分析档案数据，并利用当前和不久的将来的设施通过新的光谱观测来探测大气——包括VLT/CRIRES+提供的更高灵敏度和同时更广泛的光谱范围，为此我们使用保证的时间——采用降噪、大地校正分析和算法来搜索数据中的弱特征；(3)将观测结果与模型进行比较，以研究哪些物理和化学过程是最重要的；(4)确定所观察的定义明确的选定样品的组成和温度分布；(5)建立太阳系外行星大气理论光谱综合模板库。该项目的多学科性质很强，涉及到发达的天文、物理、化学和计算工具和算法的结合。

Characterizing the atmospheres of extrasolar planets is a new frontier in exoplanetary science, and as such is dependent on observations and interpretation toolkits. This project will develop a novel strategy for addressing a key question in current exoplanetary atmospheric research: what are and how do the key chemical and physical processes determine the atmospheric composition and temperature of exoplanets? Hence, the main objective is to assess if the inclusion and combination of the different physical and chemical mechanisms of planetary atmospheres into the predictions can lead to a comprehensive understanding of planetary atmospheres, considering observations as a key to validation assessment. These issues have only been poorly understood so far, because observational data is still too sparse, present sources of uncertainties and compositions are largely unexplored, and, finally, models are limited by the physical and chemical treatment and lack of accurate predictions. The project will focus on five different levels of understanding: (1) Extending existing planetary atmospheric tools to exoplanets to incorporate the key physics and chemistry into the model; (2) re-analysing archival data as well as detecting atmospheres by new spectroscopic observations with current and near-future facilities -- including higher sensitivity and simultaneous wider coverage of the spectral range offered by VLT/CRIRES+, for which we use guaranteed time-- employing noise reduction, telluric correction analysis and algorithms for searching weak signatures in the data; (3) comparing the observations with the models to investigate which physical and chemical processes are most important; (4) determining the composition and temperature profiles of the observed well-defined selected samples; (5) generating a comprehensive library of templates of selected theoretical spectra of extrasolar planetary atmospheres. The multidisciplinary nature of the project is strong, involving a combination of well-developed astronomical, physical, chemical and computational tools and algorithms.