Phylogenetic pattern and functional morphology of the musculo-skeletal architecture of the shoulder girdle in frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura)

青蛙的肩带在现存物种中已经进化成了令人惊讶的各种肌肉骨骼结构。以往的研究通常只关注骨成分，而忽略了硬组织（骨、软骨）和肌肉组织之间的紧密联系。功能研究主要集中在骨盆带和后肢在跳跃的背景下。肩带骨骼，腰带肌肉组织和各种架构的功能作用仍然在很大程度上是未知的，特别是在一个给定的物种的首选运动模式。我们编译了一个大的，明智地选择的物种样本，以涵盖广泛的分类范围内的无尾类，并代表主要形态肩带架构以及运动模式和身体大小。解剖设计的描述，编码为字符的分支，并在他们的几何形态学形状进行比较。一个骨干的青蛙的进化，以重建的结构复杂的无尾类内的进化。在给定的亲缘关系的基础上，我们还希望发现青蛙物种之间的收敛从远亲谱系。形状和性格状态将评估有关的运动类型。从识别和划分的主要结构体系结构中，从形态分析中产生的，我们挑选的例子架构，将进行多体动力学和有限元分析，以评估其组件在模拟负载下的可能功能。

The shoulder girdle of frogs has evolved into an astonishing variety of musculoskeletal architectures among the extant species. Previous studies commonly addressed the bony components only, whereas the tight link between the hard-tissue (bone, cartilage) and musculature has been neglected. Functional studies have focused mostly on the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs in the context of jumping. The functional role of the shoulder girdle skeleton, girdle musculature and the various architectures remains largely unknown, especially in relation to the preferred locomotor mode of a given species. We compile a large, judiciously selected species sample in order to cover a broad taxonomic range within the Anura and to represent the major morphological shoulder girdle architectures as well as locomotor modes and body sizes. Anatomical designs are described, coded cladistically as characters, and compared in their geometric-morphometric shape. A backbone phylogeny of frogs serves to reconstruct the within-Anura evolution of the structural complex. On the basis of the given phylogeny we also expect to uncover convergences among frog species from distantly related lineages. Shape and character states will be evaluated in relation to locomotor types. From among the identified and demarcated major structural architectures, that arise from the analysis of morphology, we pick example architectures, that will be subjected to multibody dynamic and finite-element analysis in order to assess the possible functions of their components under simulated load.